John Watts de Peyster, Sr. (March 9, 1821 – May 4, 1907)[1] was an American author on the art of war, philanthropist, and the Adjutant General of New York.[2] He served in the New York State Militia during the Mexican–American War and American Civil War. He was one of the first military critics and noted for his histories of the Revolutionary and Civil Wars, and also published works of drama, poetry, military history, military biography and military criticism.[3]
Map of Matrimony, 1827. According to a handwritten attribution, 'this map was designed by a certain John de Peyster", -grandfather (1756-1835) of John Watts de Peyster- "descendant of an influential New York family of Dutch origin that produced several government officials and senior military officers".
He studied law at Columbia University, although he did not graduate on account of his poor health.[7] He had become an invalid at a young age due to a heart affliction he developed during service as a volunteer fireman.[8] De Peyster was heavily involved as a volunteer firefighter with the No. 5 Hose Carriage during his collegiate years, including a major fire in 1836, leading to his health problems.[9] Despite these physical difficulties, he was described by some as feisty, and even dictatorial.[10]
He spent his entire career in the New York State Militia, being promoted to brigadier general in 1851.[8] He served as state Judge Advocate General and eventually Adjutant General, before resigning over a conflict with GovernorMyron Clark in 1855.[2] He traveled through Europe extensively as a military observer, and implemented many reforms that modernized the militia for the upcoming conflict.[14]
Already a brigadier general of the state militia at the onset of the Civil War, he met with what he perceived (and declared) to be prejudiced resistance from Abraham Lincoln when he attempted to raise regiments for the Union Army.[16] In 1861, de Peyster traveled to Washington, D.C., to solicit a commission as a brigadier general of the Regular Army and offered to raise two regiments of artillery, which he felt best suited his expertise and physical condition.[17] He was met with little interest after New York had already filled its national recruitment quota of 75,000 men.[18]
Each of his three sons served in the conflict in the Union Army. The eldest, John Watts de Peyster Jr., performed duty as an aide-de-camp and artillery commander with the Army of the Potomac and mustered out as a brevet brigadier general; Frederic de Peyster III, was a colonel and surgeon; while the youngest, Johnston de Peyster, was a second lieutenant in charge of a battery of artillery credited with hoisting the first Union flag over the Confederate capitol of Richmond, Virginia, after its fall.[19][20]
The career militia officer had always suffered from poor health, and turned down a commission as a colonel of cavalry offered to him by New York Senator Ira Harris in June 1863 on behalf of Generals Joseph Hooker and Alfred Pleasonton, who may have had an eye towards de Peyster's social connections.[17][21] Other notable figures with limited field experience who were promoted to brigadier general by Pleasonton at that time were Elon J. Farnsworth, son of a Congressman, Wesley Merritt, and George Armstrong Custer.[22]
His treatise New American Tactics was a series of articles published in The Army and Navy Journal that advocated making the skirmish line the new line of battle, which was considered revolutionary at the time.[11] These contributions were translated and copied into foreign military journals, including Correard's renowned Biographie des célébrités militaires des armées de terre et de mer. Such tactics were put into practice by generals including John Buford and were later adopted worldwide.[11] He was appointed a brevet major general in the New York Militia, April 9, 1866, by a special act of the state legislature.[23] His elevation to major general was the first such honor bestowed by the State of New York, or any other State in the Union.[24]
He was a close friend of Maj. Gen. Daniel Sickles, commander of the Union III Corps. General de Peyster wrote biographies of III Corps Generals Andrew A. Humphreys and Gershom Mott during the war, and wrote highly of Buford's celebrated usage of light cavalry.
The hero at Oak Ridge was John Buford ... he not only showed the rarest tenacity, but his personal capacity made his cavalry accomplish marvels, and rival infantry in their steadfastness ... Glorious John Buford!
General de Peyster was known as the largest developer in the village of Tivoli, New York, where he resided at his family home.[10] In 1892 he replaced a wooden Methodist church with a brick structure that stands today.[10] He also refurbished an old school into an industrial school for girls.[10] An authority on fire fighting, in 1895 de Peyster erected a huge state-of-the-art brick building for the local department.[10] A portrait of him resides there in present day, and it was used as a firehouse until 1986.[10] The high Victorian structure also contained a courtroom, a jail and a large meeting room for the local government.[10] The General eventually had a conflict with the village Mayor (his own son, Johnston de Peyster), and de Peyster barred him from entering the building.[10] The village government was forced to move to another building and remained there until the Firehouse was restored in 1994, returning the local government to de Peyster's building.[10]
His writing strongly advocated Dan Sickles and his role at the Battle of Gettysburg.[26] Some of his works including detailing Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker's influences on the Army of the Potomac leading up to the battle, both positive and negative. He also issued a damning portrayal of the performance of the Union XI Corps at the Battle of Chancellorsville.[27] His writing also spoke of the brilliant accomplishments of Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas and led to his modern consideration as one of the finest commanders of the war.[28] In the New York Times and scholarly journals, he correctly predicted the Franco-Austrian War in 1866 and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870.[29] He made significant contributions to historical journal publications under the pseudonym "Anchor" which extolled the services of Sickles and Buford, and in separate publications praised the men of the New York City Fire Department.[13]
General de Peyster in 1863
De Peyster wrote extensive military histories about the Battle of Saratoga and in 1887 donated a memorial called the Boot Monument, which commemorates Benedict Arnold's heroic wounding at the battle (although Arnold is not mentioned by name and the memorial only depicts his boot). In 1905, De Peyster purchased first baronial mansion of Sir William Johnson, known since 1755 as Fort Johnson, and donated it to the Montgomery County Historical Society, of Amsterdam, New York.[30]
In 1901, he donated several thousand books and maps to the Smithsonian Institution, along with a MoorishYataghan he collected on his travels in 1851. De Peyster's biographer devotes six chapters to his benefactions, but does not mention his ethnological collections.[31] Another philanthropic contribution included building the first library at Franklin & Marshall College, and donating one of the largest and most distinct rare book collections about European military history, the 1,890 volume Watts de Peyster: Napoleon Buonaparte.[32] He collected many of the monographs while traveling in Europe conducting research for his own biography of Napoleon, entitled Napoleone di Buonaparte (1896). The monument to Abraham de Peyster,[33] a founder of New Amsterdam, sculpted by George Edwin Bissell, was commissioned by General de Peyster in Bowling Green, the old town square of New York City. John Watts de Peyster was also a Vice President of the American Numismatic Society, and the namesake of Post #71 of the New York G.A.R. in Tivoli, New York.[34]
He was the author of Life of Field Marshal Torstenson (1855), The Dutch at the North Pole (1857), Caurausius, the Dutch Augustus (1858), Life of Baron Cohorn (1860), The Decisive Conflicts of the Late Civil War, or Slaveholder's Rebellion (1867), Personal and Military History of General Philip Kearny (1869), The Life and Misfortunes and the Military Career of Brig.-Gen. Sir John Johnson (1882), and Gypsies: Some Curious Investigations, Collected, Translated, Or Reprinted from Various Sources (1887), and contributor to numerous other books, biographies, publications, and articles.
Personal life
John Watts de Peyster was descended from Hubertus "Gilbert" Livingston (1690–1746) and Cornelia Beekman (1693–1742), granddaughter of Wilhelmus Beekman. He married Estelle Livingston (1819–1898). They were the parents of:
Frederic de Peyster III (1842–1874), a colonel and surgeon,
Johnston Livingston de Peyster (1846–1903), a second lieutenant in charge of a battery of artillery credited with hoisting the first Union flag over the Confederate capitol of Richmond, Virginia, after its fall.[19]
De Peyster died in 1907 of natural causes at a family residence in Manhattan.[35] He willed his Tivoli manor Rose Hill to a local Children's Home.[10]
^Alfred Pleasonton to Brig.Gen. John Farnsworth, June 23, 1863, Alfred Pleasonton Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
^Henry C. Parsons, "Farnsworth's Charge and Death", included in Robert U. Johnson and C.C. Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 4 vols. (New York, 1884-1888), 3:395. Hard, pp. 76-77.
Brown, John. Lamb's biographical dictionary of the United States. Boston Biographical Society, 1904. ISBN0-8490-0481-0
de Peyster, John. Gettysburgh and After. Old Soldier Books: New York, 1987. ISBN1-4328-0552-5
New York Historical Society. Collections of the New York Historical Society. The John Watts De Peyster Publication Fund Series. 85 vols. New York, NY: The Society, 1868-. ISBN1-4255-8595-7
Capt. Abraham de Peyster (1753–1798), married Catherine Livingston, granddaughter of Philip Livingston
Frederick de Peyster (1758–1834)
James Ferguson de Peyster (1794–1874), married (1) Susan Maria Clarkson (1800–1823), daughter of Matthew Clarkson; married (2) Frances Goodhue Ashton (1805–1871)
