Sherley was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-eighth and to the seven succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1919).[1]
He served as chairman of the Committee on Appropriations during the Sixty-fifth Congress. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1918 to the Sixty-sixth Congress. Following his defeat, he served as director of the division of finance of the United States Railroad Administration from April 1919 to September 1920, when he resigned and resumed the practice of law in Washington, D.C. In January 1933, he was offered the position of Director of the Bureau of the Budget by President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt, but declined because of ill health.[2] He died while on a visit in Louisville, Kentucky, February 13, 1941 and was interred in Cave Hill Cemetery.[3]