J. R. Clifford (September 13, 1848 – October 6, 1933) was West Virginia's first African-American attorney. Clifford was also a newspaper publisher, editor and writer, school teacher, and principal. He was a Civil War veteran, grandfather, as well as a civil rights pioneer and founding member of the Niagara Movement (forerunner to the NAACP). Despite boundaries derived from racial discrimination, Clifford's accomplishments were great, reflecting his ability and determination.
John Robert ("J. R.") Clifford was born September 13, 1848 in the small town of Williamsport, in what was then Hardy County, Virginia (now in Grant County), near present-day Moorefield. Clifford's parents Isaac and Mary Clifford[1] and grandparents were "free blacks," who had lived in that region of Virginia for several generations. There were no schools for colored children in the area. Clifford's parents sent him to Chicago to attend school, sometime in the early 1860s to be educated by J. J. Healy.[2]
In 1864, at the age of fifteen, Clifford enlisted in the United States Colored Troops, and served in Company F, 13th Regiment of Heavy Artillery, United States Colored Troops until 1865, having reached the rank of Corporal. At the end of the war, he served as a nurse.[2]
After the Civil War, Clifford learned the barber trade. He moved from Chicago to Zeno, Ohio where his uncle dwelt and attended writing school. In 1870 he went to Wheeling, West Virginia and operated a writing school, and from 1871 to 1873 he ran a similar school in Martin's Ferry, Ohio. In the early 1870s he enrolled in Harpers Ferry's newly formed Storer College, created to educate the region's African-American population. After earning his degree in 1878, Clifford became a teacher at, and then the principal of, a segregated public school for African Americans in Martinsburg, West Virginia. In Martinsburg, he studied law under J. Nelson Wirner and was a successful lawyer.[2]
In 1882, Clifford began to publish The Pioneer Press, a newspaper that was distributed nationally to a largely African American audience. In 1884, he was elected delegate to the Republican National Convention, but several delegations withdrew their votes on account of his race. This group was led by a congressional nominee named Flick. Clifford's opposition to Flick in the Pioneer Press played a key role in Flick's defeat in that election.[2] He published the newspaper until 1917; it was the longest-running weekly newspaper dedicated to African American issues during that time period.[citation needed] In 1884, Clifford was honorary commissioner of the colored department of the World Cotton Centennial, the world's fair held in New Orleans that year.[2] In 1887, Clifford became the first African American attorney admitted to the West Virginia State Bar. He practiced law for forty-five years and was active in both state and national politics. Clifford was the President of the National Independent League and the first Vice-President of the American Negro Academy. Clifford was among the founders of the Niagara Movement, with other prominent African-American civil rights leaders such as W. E. B. Du Bois. In 1906, the Niagara Movement's first American meeting occurred in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. The Niagara Movement led to the formation of the NAACP a few years later and is considered to be the cornerstone of the modern Civil Rights Movement.[3]
On December 28, 1876, in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, J. R. Clifford married seventeen-year-old Mary Elizabeth Franklin, a native of Lexington, Virginia; they would have ten children.
In 1933, Clifford died at the age of 85 in Martinsburg, West Virginia. His remains are buried at Arlington National Cemetery.[4]
J.R. Clifford was nearly forgotten to history until he was rediscovered by Dr. Connie Park Rice, the preeminent African American Historian, of West Virginia University. Dr. Rice's article "Don't Flinch Nor Yield An Inch" recounts the complete history of J. R. Clifford.[1]
In 1898, Clifford won a landmark civil rights and education case before the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals. In Williams v. Board of Education, Clifford argued against the Tucker County Board of Education's decision to shorten the school year for African-American school children from nine months to five months, keeping a full term for white students.[1] Mrs. Carrie Williams, the colored school's teacher, approached Clifford. He encouraged her to continue teaching for the full nine months, regardless of funding. Clifford then filed a lawsuit against the school board for Williams' back pay. Clifford won the case at a jury trial and then won again before the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals. The Court's decision bolstered equal educational rights for African-American students statewide.
Clifford's victory in the Williams case occurred more than fifty years before the landmark "Brown v. Board of Education" case and was one of the few civil rights victories in a southern state's high court before the turn of the 20th century. The J. R. Clifford Project, an organization dedicated to preserving Clifford's legacy and researching his life, presents re-enactments of this trial.[5]
From Williams v. Board of Education of Fairfax District, 45 W.Va. 199, 31 SE 985 (1898):
The court also said:
Clifford sued because the school board provided eight months of school for white children but only five months for "colored" children. A teacher whose name is not mentioned continued teaching and sued for the salary for the three months. Clifford won for her the salary, totaling $121.00.[1]
Clifford was one of the founding members of the Niagara Movement, which was organized and led by W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter. The Niagara Movement opposed what its members believed were policies of accommodation and conciliation promoted by African-American leaders such as Booker T. Washington.[6] The Niagara Movement called for full civil rights for black Americans and an end to legalized segregation, and is recognized as the cornerstone of the 20th Century civil rights movement and the forerunner to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Clifford helped organize the movement's second meeting, the first to be held on U.S. soil, in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, the site of abolitionist John Brown's 1859 raid. The three-day gathering, from August 15 to 18, 1906, took place at the campus of Clifford's alma mater Storer College (now part of Harpers Ferry National Historical Park). Convention attendees discussed how to secure civil rights for African Americans, and the meeting was later described by Du Bois as "one of the greatest meetings that American Negroes ever held." Attendees walked from Storer College to the nearby Murphy Family farm, the relocation site of the historic fort where John Brown's quest to end slavery reached its bloody climax. Once there, they removed their shoes and socks to honor the hallowed ground and participated in a ceremony of remembrance.[7]
Clifford broke with the Niagara Movement when it formed the NAACP in 1909. Among other disagreements, he objected to the use of the word "colored" in the organization's title.[6]
In 2006, the Niagara Movement's Centennial was celebrated by the National Park Service at Harpers Ferry.[3] The J. R. Clifford Project performed the "J. R. Clifford and the Carrie Williams Case" re-enactment program at the event.[5]
According to the Arlington Cemetery records,[citation needed] John R. Clifford was a 32nd Degree Mason, a lecturer for the Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge of West Virginia and Past Grand Master of West Virginia.
Clifford was among twelve pioneers of civil rights commemorated in a United States Postal Service postage stamp series in 2009.[8]
Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising.
2019 studio album by Doja Cat For the Pink Spiders album, see Hot Pink (The Pink Spiders album). Hot PinkStudio album by Doja CatReleasedNovember 7, 2019 (2019-11-07)Studio Eightysevenfourteen (Los Angeles) Gold Diggers' Bar (Los Angeles) The Himalayas (Los Angeles) The Hive (Los Angeles) NightBird (Los Angeles) Sound Factory (Los Angeles) Westlake (Los Angeles) Hit Factory Criteria (Miami) Genre Pop hip hop R&B Length39:48Label Kemosabe RCA Producer Ari PenSmith Ben Billi…
Penghargaan Akademi untuk Aktris TerbaikPenerima tahun 2021: Jessica ChastainDeskripsiPenampilan Terbaik oleh seorang Aktris dalam sebuah Peran UtamaNegaraAmerika SerikatDipersembahkan olehAcademy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)Diberikan perdana16 Mei 1929; 94 tahun lalu (1929-05-16) (untuk penampilan dalam film-film yang dirilis pada musim film 1927/1928)Pemegang gelar saat iniJessica Chastain The Eyes of Tammy Faye (2021)Penghargaan terbanyakKatharine Hepburn (4)Nominasi terba…
Pertempuran CorunnaBagian dari Perang Kemerdekaan SpanyolGugurnya Sir John Moore pada Pertempuran Corunnaberasal dari lukisan karya Thomas Sutherland dan aquatint oleh William HeathTanggal16 Januari 1809LokasiCorunna, Galicia, SpanyolPihak terlibat Britania Raya PrancisTokoh dan pemimpin John Moore (DOW) Nicolas Jean de Dieu SoultKekuatan 15.000 infanteri[1]9-12 meriam[2] 12.000 infanteri3.200 kavaleri20 meriamKorban 800[3]–900[4] tewas atau terluka 1.400…
Marios Iliopoulos Información personalNacimiento 16 de diciembre de 1969Tesalónica, Macedonia GreciaNacionalidad GriegaInformación profesionalOcupación GuitarristaAños activo desde 1994Género Melodic death metalHeavy metalInstrumento GuitarraDiscográfica Century MediaLifeforce RecordsArtistas relacionados ExhumationNightrageMiembro de Nightrage Sitio web www.nightrage.com[editar datos en Wikidata] Marios Iliopoulos (en griego: Μάριος Ηλιόπουλος; Tesalónica…
Vous lisez un « bon article » labellisé en 2017. Représentation des nombres irrationnels selon la répartition des réels en nombres rationnels, constructibles, algébriques et transcendants. Cliquez sur un des nombres du schéma pour plus d'informations concernant l'élément choisi. (Image source) v · d · m Un nombre irrationnel est un nombre réel qui n'est pas rationnel, c'est-à-dire qu'il ne peut pas s'écrire sous la forme d'une fraction a/b, où a et …
У Вікіпедії є статті про інші географічні об’єкти з назвою Бордентаун. Місто Бордентаунангл. Bordentown Координати 40°08′59″ пн. ш. 74°42′27″ зх. д. / 40.14980000002777416° пн. ш. 74.70760000002778156° зх. д. / 40.14980000002777416; -74.70760000002778156Координати: 40°08′59″ пн. ш. 74°42′27
Štěpánov nad Svratkou Localidad BanderaEscudo Štěpánov nad SvratkouLocalización de Štěpánov nad Svratkou en República ChecaCoordenadas 49°30′17″N 16°20′21″E / 49.504620737128, 16.339152727016Entidad Localidad • País República Checa • Región Vysočina • Distrito Žďár nad SázavouSuperficie • Total 10,87 km² Altitud • Media 346 m s. n. m.Población (1 de enero de 2023) • Total…
Cet article est une ébauche concernant la musique classique et une personnalité italienne. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Sacchi. Giovenale SacchiBiographieNaissance 22 novembre 1726MilanDécès 27 septembre 1789 (à 62 ans)MilanActivité MusicologueAutres informationsOrdre religieux Ordre des Barnabitesmodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Del nume…
Municipio de Clifton Municipio Municipio de CliftonUbicación en el condado de Beadle en Dakota del Sur Ubicación de Dakota del Sur en EE. UU.Coordenadas 44°14′23″N 98°09′14″O / 44.2397, -98.1539Entidad Municipio • País Estados Unidos • Estado Dakota del Sur • Condado BeadleSuperficie • Total 92.58 km² • Tierra 92.58 km² • Agua (0 %) 0 km²Altitud • Media 392 m s. n. m.Población…
селище Хавенка Хавенка Країна Росія Суб'єкт Російської Федерації Воронезька область Муніципальний район Панінський район Поселення Панінське міське поселення Код ЗКАТУ: 20235551003 Код ЗКТМО: 20635151116 Основні дані Населення ▼ 11 (2010)[1] Поштовий індекс 396175 Географічні коо
Croatian political activist Rajka BakovićBusts of Rajka and Zdenka in Passage Of Sisters Baković in ZagrebBorn(1920-09-23)23 September 1920Oruro, BoliviaDied29 December 1941(1941-12-29) (aged 21)Zagreb, Independent State of Croatia(now Croatia)NationalityCroatianOccupation(s)Student, resistance movement memberPolitical partyLeague of Communists of YugoslaviaRelativesFranjo (father)Zdenka (sister)Jerko (brother)Mladen (brother)AwardsOrder of the People's Hero Monument to the Baković siste…
Malang Stoomtram Maatschappij, N.V.Kereta MSM yang berhenti di Alun-Alun MalangIkhtisarKantor pusat Kota Malang, Jawa Timur, Hindia BelandaLokalKabupaten dan Kota MalangTanggal beroperasi1897–1959PenerusKereta Api IndonesiaTeknisLebar sepur1.067 mm (3 ft 6 in)Panjang jalur85 km Malang Stoomtram Maatschappij, N.V. (MS) adalah salah satu perusahaan kereta api yang dahulu mengoperasikan jalur kereta api di wilayah Malang Raya, Jawa Timur. Fokus perusahaan ini adalah pengan…
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Philip Morris (homonymie) et Morris. Philip Morris International Holding SA Siège opérationnel de Philip Morris International à Lausanne. Création 1881 (Philip Morris & Company et Grunebaum, Ltd) Dates clés 28 mars 2008 spin-off d'Altria Fondateurs Philip Morris Personnages clés Philip Morris Margaret et Leopold Morris Forme juridique Société anonyme Action PM Siège social New York, État de New York États-Unis(siège social) Lausanne Suisse(siège…
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for geographic features. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely …
Ethno-religious communities in Chennai Religion in Chennai (2011)[1] Hinduism (80.73%) Islam (9.45%) Christianity (7.72%) Jainism (1.11%) Buddhism (0.06%) Sikhism (0.06%) Other religion (0.04%) Not religious (0.83%) Chennai is religiously cosmopolitan, with its denizens following various religions, chief among them being Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Zoroastrianism. C…
Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat National Geographic. National GeographicDiluncurkanSeptember 1997PemilikNational Geographic Society/The Walt Disney CompanySaluran seindukNational Geographic WildSitus web[1] 'National Geographic (sebelum National Geographic Channel) merupakan sebuah saluran televisi Britania Raya yang menyiarkan dokumenter yang dibuat oleh National Geographic Society. Menyiarkan program yang sama dengan Discovery Channel seperti dokumenter alam dan ilmu pengetahuan. Saluran ini dilunc…
Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Nepal Chepangच्योःबाङ्The word Chepang written in Devanagari scriptRegionNepalEthnicityChepangNative speakers49,000 (2011 census)[1]Language familySino-Tibetan ChepangicChepangWriting systemDevanagariLanguage codesISO 639-3cdmGlottologchep1245ELPChepangChepang is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Chepang is a language spoken by approximately 37,000 people in South-Central Nepal.[2]…
American diplomat (born 1949) Linda TaglialatelaUnited States Ambassador to Antigua and BarbudaIncumbentAssumed office February 12, 2016PresidentBarack ObamaDonald TrumpJoe BidenPreceded byLarry Leon PalmerUnited States Ambassador to BarbadosIncumbentAssumed office February 1, 2016PresidentBarack ObamaDonald TrumpJoe BidenPreceded byLarry Leon PalmerUnited States Ambassador to DominicaIncumbentAssumed office March 2, 2016PresidentBarack ObamaDonald TrumpJoe BidenPreceded byLarry Leon…
The image above shows Reichensperger Platz Square which includes the center of operations of the hereditary health court and the higher hereditary health court. The Hereditary Health Court (German: Erbgesundheitsgericht, EGG), also known as the Genetic Health Court, was a court that decided whether people should be forcibly sterilized in Nazi Germany. That method of using courts to make decisions on hereditary health in Nazi Germany was created to implement the Nazi race policy aiming for racial…
Film production company Not to be confused with Roadside attraction. Roadside Attractions, LLCTypePrivateIndustryFilm productionFoundedJuly 27, 2000; 23 years ago (2000-07-27)FoundersHoward CohenEric d’ArbeloffHeadquartersLos Angeles, California, United StatesProductsMotion picturesOwnerLionsgate (43%)Number of employees25Websitewww.roadsideattractions.com Roadside Attractions is an American production company and film distributor based in Los Angeles, California, founded on …
Lokasi Pengunjung: 52.15.109.35