Israel Bruna

Rabbi Israel of Bruna (ישראל ברונא; 1480–1400) was a Moravian-German rabbi and Posek (decisor on Jewish Law). He is also known as Mahari Bruna, the Hebrew acronym for "Our Teacher, the Rabbi, Israel Bruna". Rabbi Bruna is best known as one of the primary Ashkenazi authorities quoted by Moses Isserles in the Shulkhan Arukh.

Biography

Rabbi Bruna was born in Brno in the Bohemian Kingdom, although often anachronically he is stated as "been born in Germany".^[1] He studied under the leading Ashkenazi rabbis of his time: Jacob Weil and Israel Isserlin, who ordained him and spoke very highly of him. "He was a brilliant student, who devoted himself, body and soul, to the study of the Talmud." He was then elected rabbi of Bruna. After the expulsion of the Jews from that city (1454) he settled at Ratisbon, Bavaria, where he opened a yeshivah.

His later life has been described as "eventful and troublesome".

His position in Ratisbon caused some controversy, dividing the community. Rabbi Anschel Segal, who already was operating a yeshivah there, felt Rabbi Bruna should have opened his yeshivah elsewhere. Among Rabbi Anschel's followers there were some who resorted to painting the word "heretic" on Rabbi Bruna's seat in the synagogue, and when he preached, they would stage a walkout. Rabbi Bruna, however, bore the attacks and insults with humility, and on the death of Rabbi Segal, he was accepted by the whole community.
In 1474, following a dispute between Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor and Duke Ludwig of Landsberg over a tax placed on the Jewish community, Bruna was imprisoned by the Emperor to compel him to use his authority in the Emperor's favor; he was released after thirteen days in prison.
Rabbi Bruna was later threatened with execution based on a charge of Blood libel, brought by a convert to Christianity, Hans Vagol. The community appealed to Frederick III, as well as to King Ladislav of Bohemia, both of whom declared Rabbi Bruna innocent.

Works

Rabbi Bruna was one of the greatest Talmudic authorities of his time: rabbis and scholars from various cities and countries sent him their queries on all matters relating to Jewish law. These responsa, Teshuvot Mahari Bruna, are his best known work. Importantly, they served as a source of Halakha for Moses Isserles' HaMapah - the gloss on the Shulkhan Arukh describing differences between Ashkenazi and Sephardi practice. See also History of Responsa: Fifteenth century

References

^ Teich, Shmuel. (1982). The rishonim : biographical sketches of the prominent early rabbinic sages and leaders from the tenth-fifteenth centuries. Goldwurm, Hersh. (1st ed.). Brooklyn, N.Y.: Mesorah Publications. ISBN 0-89906-452-3. OCLC 8742174.

External links

Israel Bruna Ben Hayyim, jewishencyclopedia.com
Rabbi Israel Brunna, chabad.org
Mahari Bruna, chaburas.org

v t e Rishonim
North Africa	Isaac Alfasi (Rif) Chananel ben Chushiel Dunash ben Labrat Zechariah Aghmati Nissim ben Jacob Samuel ben Jacob ibn Jam Shemariah ben Elhanan
Spain (except Catalonia)	Maimonides Judah Halevi Abraham ibn Ezra Yom Tov Asevilli (Ritva) Joseph ibn Migash (Ri Migash) Meir Abulafia (Ramah) Bahya ibn Paquda Bahya ben Asher David Abudirham Joseph Albo Isaac ben Moses Arama (Akeidat Yitzchak) Rabbenu Yerucham Shem Tov ben Abraham ibn Gaon (Migdal Oz) Meir ben Solomon Abi-Sahula Isaac ibn Ghiyyat Maimon ben Joseph Isaac Aboab I Abraham ibn Daud Moses ibn Ezra Jonah ibn Janah Abraham Saba
Catalonia	Nachmanides Menachem Meiri Nissim of Gerona (Ran) Shlomo ibn Aderet (Rashba) Yonah Gerondi (Rabbeinu Yonah) Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona (Baal HaMaor) Hasdai Crescas Aharon HaLevi (Ra'ah) Isaac ben Sheshet (Rivash) Simeon ben Zemah Duran (Tashbatz) Vidal of Tolosa (Maggid Mishneh) Joseph ibn Habib (Nimmukei Yosef) Azriel of Gerona Moshe Chalava Judah ben Yakar Judah ben Barzillai
Provence	Hachmei Provence Abraham ben David (Raavad) Gersonides (Ralbag) David Kimhi (Radak) Abba Mari Isaac ben Abba Mari (HaIttur) Abraham ben Nathan (HaManhig) David ben Levi of Narbonne (HaMichtam) Moses ben Joseph (Rambi) Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne (Raavad II, HaEshkol) Levi ben Abraham ben Hayyim Moshe ha-Darshan Meshullam ben Jacob Asher ben Meshullam Abraham of Montpellier Joseph Caspi Isaac the Blind Samuel ibn Tibbon Isaac of Narbonne Aaron ben Jacob ha-Kohen Jonathan of Lunel
France (except Provence)	Rabbi Abin ha-Gadol Rashi List of Tosafists Rabbeinu Tam Rashbam Solomon ben Meir Samson ben Joseph of Falaise Yom Tov of Falaise Eliezer ben Samuel (Yereim) Isaac ben Samuel (Ri HaZaken) Moses ben Jacob of Coucy (Semag) Judah ben Nathan (Rivan) Bechor Shor Abraham ben Joseph of Orleans Elijah of Paris Judah ben Yom Tov Haim ben Hananel HaCohen Yechiel of Paris Rivam Peretz ben Elijah Eliezer of Toul Chaim Paltiel Jacob of Orléans Samson of Chinon Jacob of Chinon Eliezer of Touques Isaac ben Abraham of Dampierre Elhanan ben Isaac of Dampierre Baruch ben Isaac Samson ben Abraham of Sens Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi Meir ben Samuel Moses of Évreux Samuel of Évreux Samuel ben Solomon of Falaise Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon Joseph ben Samuel Bonfils Menahem ben Helbo Simeon Kara Shemaiah of Soissons Elijah ben Menahem HaZaken Ephraim ben Samson
Germany	Meshullam ben Kalonymus Gershom ben Judah (Rabbeinu Gershom) Simeon bar Isaac of Mainz Asher ben Jehiel (Rosh) Jacob ben Asher (Baal HaTurim) Mordechai ben Hillel (Mordechai) Meir of Rothenburg (Maharam MeRotenberg) Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin (Maharil) Eliezer ben Nathan (Ra'aven) Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi (Raavyah) Eleazar of Worms (Rokeach) Meir HaKohen (Hagahot Maimuniot) Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg (Yehudah haHasid) Yaakov ben Yakar Isaac ben Mordecai of Regensburg Ephraim ben Isaac of Regensburg Samson ben Eliezer Eliezer ben Isaac ha-Gadol Judah ben Kalonymus Yehuda HaKohen ben Meir Meir ben Baruch Halevi Israel Bruna Israel of Bamberg Ephraim of Bonn Judah ben Asher Joel ben Isaac ha-Levi Jacob ben Judah Landau Samuel ben Natronai Alexander Suslin Jacob Weil Isaac ben Asher ha-Levi Simha of Speyer Isaac Asir HaTikvah
England	Aaron of Canterbury Aaron of York Elias of London Eliyahu Menachem of London Hagin Deulacres Jacob ben Judah of London Josce of London Moses ben Isaac ben ha-Nessiah Moses of London Yom Tov of Joigny Berechiah de Nicole
Austria	Israel Isserlein (Terumat HaDeshen) Isaac of Vienna (Or Zarua) Avigdor Cohen of Vienna Isaac Tyrnau
Italy	Nathan ben Jehiel (the Aruch) Isaiah di Trani (Rid) Isaiah di Trani the Younger (Riaz) Obadiah of Bertinoro Menahem Recanati Zedekiah Anaw (Shibbolei HaLeket) Benjamin Anaw Judah Anav Moses ben Meir of Ferrara Eliezer ben Samuel of Verona Hillel ben Samuel Joseph Colon Trabotto Isaac ben Melchizedek Judah Messer Leon
Elsewhere	Isaac Abarbanel Elijah Mizrachi Tobiah ben Eliezer (Lekach Tov) Zerahiah the Greek Isaac ben Dorbolo Isaac ben Samuel of Acre Moses Taku Isaac ben Jacob ha-Lavan Nathan ben Abraham I Hillel ben Eliakim Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi Nethanel ben Isaiah‎

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