Invertebrate mitochondrial code

The invertebrate mitochondrial code (translation table 5) is a genetic code used by the mitochondrial genome of invertebrates. Mitochondria contain their own DNA and reproduce independently from their host cell. Variation in translation of the mitochondrial genetic code occurs when DNA codons result in non-standard amino acids has been identified in invertebrates, most notably arthropods.[1] This variation has been helpful as a tool to improve upon the phylogenetic tree of invertebrates, like flatworms.[2]

The code

   AAs = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNKKSSSSVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
Starts = ---M----------------------------MMMM---------------M------------
 Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
 Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
 Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).

Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (Lys, K), Methionine (Met, M), Phenylalanine (Phe, F), Proline (Pro, P), Serine (Ser, S), Threonine (Thr, T), Tryptophan (Trp, W), Tyrosine (Tyr, Y), Valine (Val, V).

Differences from the standard code

DNA codons RNA codons This code (5) Standard code (1)
AGA AGA Ser (S) Arg (R)
AGG AGG Ser (S) Arg (R)
ATA AUA Met (M) Ile (I)
TGA UGA Trp (W) STOP = Ter (*)

Note: The codon AGG is absent in Drosophila.[3]

Alternative initiation codons

Systematic range

Other variations

  • Several arthropods translate the codon AGG as lysine instead of serine (as in the Pterobranchia Mitochondrial Code) or arginine (as in the standard genetic code).[8][9]
  • GUG may possibly function as an initiator in Drosophila.[10][11] AUU is not used as an initiator in Mytilus[6]
  • "An exceptional mechanism must operate for initiation of translation of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I mRNA in both D. melanogaster[12] and D. yakuba,[13] since its only plausible initiation codon, AUA, is out of frame with the rest of the gene. Initiation appears to require the "reading" of an AUAA quadruplet, which would be equivalent to initiation at AUA followed immediately by a specific ribosomal frameshift. Another possible mechanism ... is that the mRNA is "edited" to bring the AUA initiation into frame."[14]

See also

References

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain. [15]

  1. ^ Abascal, Federico; Posada, David; Knight, Robin D.; Zardoya, Rafael (25 April 2006). "Parallel Evolution of the Genetic Code in Arthropod Mitochondrial Genomes". PLOS Biology. 4 (5): e127. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040127. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 1440934. PMID 16620150.
  2. ^ Telford, Maximilian J.; Herniou, Elisabeth A.; Russell, Robert B.; Littlewood, D. Timothy J. (10 October 2000). "Changes in mitochondrial genetic codes as phylogenetic characters: Two examples from the flatworms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (21): 11359–11364. Bibcode:2000PNAS...9711359T. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.21.11359. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 17205. PMID 11027335.
  3. ^ Sengupta S, Yang X, Higgs PG (June 2007). "The mechanisms of codon reassignments in mitochondrial genetic codes". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 64 (6): 662–88. arXiv:q-bio/0703066. Bibcode:2007JMolE..64..662S. doi:10.1007/s00239-006-0284-7. PMC 1894752. PMID 17541678.
  4. ^ Crozier RH, Crozier YC (January 1993). "The mitochondrial genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera: complete sequence and genome organization". Genetics. 133 (1): 97–117. doi:10.1093/genetics/133.1.97. PMC 1205303. PMID 8417993.
  5. ^ a b Boore JL, Brown WM (October 1994). "Complete DNA sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the black chiton, Katharina tunicata". Genetics. 138 (2): 423–43. doi:10.1093/genetics/138.2.423. PMC 1206160. PMID 7828825.
  6. ^ a b Hoffmann RJ, Boore JL, Brown WM (June 1992). "A novel mitochondrial genome organization for the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis". Genetics. 131 (2): 397–412. doi:10.1093/genetics/131.2.397. PMC 1205014. PMID 1386586.
  7. ^ Batuecas B, Garesse R, Calleja M, Valverde JR, Marco R (July 1988). "Genome organization of Artemia mitochondrial DNA". Nucleic Acids Research. 16 (14A): 6515–29. doi:10.1093/nar/16.14.6515. PMC 338311. PMID 3135541.
  8. ^ Abascal F, Posada D, Knight RD, Zardoya R (May 2006). "Parallel evolution of the genetic code in arthropod mitochondrial genomes". PLOS Biology. 4 (5): e127. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040127. PMC 1440934. PMID 16620150.
  9. ^ Robinson, Richard (25 April 2006). "For Arthropod Mitochondria, Variety in the Genetic Code Is Standard". PLOS Biology. 4 (5): e175. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040175. PMC 1440929. PMID 20076581.
  10. ^ Clary DO, Wolstenholme DR (1985). "The mitochondrial DNA molecular of Drosophila yakuba: nucleotide sequence, gene organization, and genetic code". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 22 (3): 252–71. Bibcode:1985JMolE..22..252C. doi:10.1007/BF02099755. PMID 3001325. S2CID 12384495.
  11. ^ Gadaleta G, Pepe G, De Candia G, Quagliariello C, Sbisà E, Saccone C (July 1988). "Nucleotide sequence of rat mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1. GTG, a new initiator codon in vertebrate mitochondrial genome". Nucleic Acids Research. 16 (13): 6233. doi:10.1093/nar/16.13.6233. PMC 336868. PMID 3399396.
  12. ^ de Bruijn MH (1983). "Drosophila melanogaster mitochondrial DNA, a novel organization and genetic code". Nature. 304 (5923): 234–41. Bibcode:1983Natur.304..234D. doi:10.1038/304234a0. PMID 6408489. S2CID 35948584.
  13. ^ Clary DO, Wolstenholme DR (June 1983). "Nucleotide sequence of a segment of Drosophila mitochondrial DNA that contains the genes for cytochrome c oxidase subunits II and III and ATPase subunit 6". Nucleic Acids Research. 11 (12): 4211–27. doi:10.1093/nar/11.12.4211. PMC 326036. PMID 6306579.
  14. ^ Fox TD (1987). "Natural variation in the genetic code". Annual Review of Genetics. 21: 67–91. doi:10.1146/annurev.ge.21.120187.000435. PMID 3327473.
  15. ^ Elzanowski A, Ostell J, Leipe D, Soussov V. "The Genetic Codes". Taxonomy browser. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 26 August 2015.


Stub icon

This microbiology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Read other articles:

Steve Ballmer

Steve Ballmerdi MIX pada tahun 2008.LahirSteven Anthony Ballmer24 Maret 1956 (umur 67)Detroit, Michigan, USATempat tinggalWashingtonAlmamaterUniversitas Harvard (B.A., 1977)Universitas Stanford (tidak selesai)PekerjaanMantan CEO MicrosoftKota asalFarmington Hills, Michigan, A.S.Gaji$1,376,915 (2011)[1]Kekayaan bersih US$ 80.8 miliar (2013)[2]Masa jabatanJanuari 2000 – 4 Februari 2014PendahuluBill GatesPenggantiSatya NadellaSuami/istriConnie Snyder (1990–pre...

 

Regimental Square

War memorial in Sydney Royal Australian Regiment MemorialAustraliaRoyal Australian Regiment Memorial, Regimental Square, SydneyFor the campaigns of the Royal Australian Regiment in Korea, Malaya and VietnamUnveiled8 December 1976Location33°52′1.43″S 151°12′24.81″E / 33.8670639°S 151.2068917°E / -33.8670639; 151.2068917near Sydney, AustraliaDesigned byDennis Adams OAM Regimental Square is a war memorial in the Wynyard area in the city centre of Syd...

 

Clytie (Oceanid)

Nymph in Greek mythology This article is about the Oceanid nymph in love with Helios. For other uses, see Clytie. ClytieMember of the OceanidsTownley's ClytieOther namesClytiaGreekΚλυτίηAbodeBoeotia, othersSymbolsHeliotropiumPersonal informationParentsOceanus and Tethys or Orchomenus/OrchamusSiblingsThe Oceanids, the Potamoi or LeucothoeConsortHelios Clytie (/ˈklaɪtiiː/; Ancient Greek: Κλυτίη, romanized: Klutíē) or Clytia (/ˈklaɪtiə/; Ancient Greek: Κλυτία, roma...

Человек прямоходящий

† Человек прямоходящий Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:Синапсиды�...

 

Kaitai Shinsho

Japanese anatomical text translated from Dutch and Latin This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Kaitai Shinsho – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) A copy of Kaitai Shinsho at Tekijuku Kaitai Shinsho (解体新書, Kyūjitai:...

 

List of NCAA Division I FBS football stadiums

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. This is a list of stadiums that currently serve as the home venue for Football Bowl Subdivision college football teams. These include most of the largest stadiums in the United States. Conference affiliations reflect those in the 2024 season. Current stadiums In addition to the following list of FBS football stadiums, there is also a List ...

Commando Jaubert

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Jaubert. Commando Jaubert Insigne du commando Jaubert. Création 1944 Pays France Branche Marine nationale Rôle Action Speciale Offensive, Contre-terrorisme maritime et terrestre, libération d'otages Effectif 80+ Fait partie de FORFUSCO Garnison Lorient Ancienne dénomination Compagnie Merlet, Compagnie Jaubert Nommée en l’honneur de Capitaine de frégate François Jaubert Guerres Campagne d'Italie, Indochine, Algérie. Opérations extérieures en Afriq...

 

Opel Flextreme

Not to be confused with Opel Flextreme GT/E. Motor vehicle Opel FlextremeOverviewManufacturerOpelAlso calledSaturn Flextreme (North America)Production2008 (Concept car)Body and chassisClassSmall family car (C)Body style5-door hatchbackLayoutFF layoutPlatformDelta II/E-FlexRelatedChevrolet VoltOpel AmperaPowertrainEngine1.3L diesel engine and electric motorTransmissiondirectRange34 miles (55 km)DimensionsWheelbase2,725 mm (107.3 in)Length4,555 mm (179.3 in)Wi...

 

西遊記大結局之仙履奇緣

本條目存在以下問題，請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法。 此條目需要編修，以確保文法、用詞、语气、格式、標點等使用恰当。 (2013年8月6日)請按照校對指引，幫助编辑這個條目。（幫助、討論） 此條目剧情、虛構用語或人物介紹过长过细，需清理无关故事主轴的细节、用語和角色介紹。 (2020年10月6日)劇情、用語和人物介紹都只是用於了解故事主軸，輔助�...

Luna, Isabela

Peta menunjukan lokasi Luna Data sensus penduduk di Luna Tahun Populasi Persentase 199513.255—200014.5812.07%200715.8841.19% Untuk tempat lain yang bernama sama, lihat Luna, La Union. Untuk wahana antariksa milik Rusia, lihat Luna 1. Luna adalah munisipalitas yang terletak di provinsi Isabela, Filipina. Pada tahun 2010, munisipalitas ini memiliki populasi sebesar 15.885 jiwa atau 2.965 rumah tangga. Pembagian wilayah Secara administratif Luna terbagi menjadi 19 barangay, yaitu: Bustamante C...

 

Louis Delluc Prize

The Louis Delluc Prize (French: Prix Louis-Delluc [pʁi lwi dɛlyk]) is a French film award presented annually since 1937. The award is bestowed to the Best Film and Best First Film of the year on the second week of each December. The jury is composed of 20 members, consisting of a group of film critics and figures who are culturally significant. Gilles Jacob is the president. The meeting is at le Fouquet's restaurant in Champs-Élysées. The award was created in 1937 in view of the d...

 

Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies

Faculty of the University of Mumbai This article about higher education may require cleanup. Please review editing advice and help improve this article. (April 2017) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management StudiesMottosetting new standards in the business of...

Jalur Tokyo Metro Hanzōmon

Jalur Tokyo Metro HanzōmonKRL Jalur Hanzomon seri 18000IkhtisarJenisAngkutan cepat kereta beratLokasiTokyoTerminusShibuyaOshiageStasiun14Penumpang harian858.836 (2010)[1]OperasiDibuka1 Agustus 1978PemilikTokyo MetroDepoSaginumaRangkaianSeri 8000, 08, Seri 18000, 2000, 5000, 8500, 30000, 50050Data teknisPanjang lintas168 km (104 mi)Lebar sepur1.067 mm (3 ft 6 in)Elektrifikasi1500 V DC overhead catenaryKecepatan operasi80 km/h (50 mph) Peta rute ...

 

Christopher Street

For other uses, see Christopher Street (disambiguation). Street in Manhattan, New York Christopher StreetShops on Christopher Street between Bleecker and Hudson StreetsNamesakeCharles Christopher AmosLocationWest Village, Lower Manhattan, New York CityPostal code10014Coordinates40°44′00″N 74°00′18″W / 40.73333°N 74.00500°W / 40.73333; -74.00500West endWest StreetEast endSixth Avenue Christopher Street is a street in the West Village neighborhood o...

 

Daftar Wakil Bupati Buton Selatan

Wakil Bupati Buton SelatanPetahanaLowongsejak 25 Mei 2018Masa jabatan5 tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali untuk satu kali masa jabatanDibentuk22 Mei 2017; 7 tahun lalu (2017-05-22)Pejabat pertamaLa Ode ArusaniSitus webSitus web resmi Berikut adalah daftar Wakil Bupati Buton Selatan secara definitif sejak tahun 2017. Nomor urut Wakil Bupati Potret Partai Awal Akhir Masa jabatan Periode Bupati Ref. 1   La Ode Arusani(lahir 1975) PDI-P 22 Mei 2017 25 Mei 2018 1 tahun, 0 har...

Stadion 16 November

Stadion 16 November Informasi stadionNama lamaLapangan Puncak OnimPemilikPemerintah Kabupaten FakfakLokasiLokasi Kabupaten Fak-Fak, Papua BaratKoordinat-2.923864, 132.305189KonstruksiDibuka1958Direnovasi2008Data teknisKapasitas5.000 penontonPemakaiPersifa Fak-FakSunting kotak info • L • BBantuan penggunaan templat ini Stadion 16 November adalah arena sepakbola yang terletak di Kabupaten Fak-Fak, Papua Barat, Indonesia. Yang merupakan kandang dari klub sepak bola Persifa Fak-Fak,...

 

Gamla stan (Stockholms tunnelbana)

Gamla stanStasiun Stockholms tunnelbanaKoordinat59°19′22″N 18°4′3″E / 59.32278°N 18.06750°E / 59.32278; 18.06750PemilikStorstockholms LokaltrafikSejarahDibuka24 November 1957Operasi layanan Stasiun sebelumnya   Stockholms tunnelbana   Stasiun berikutnya Slussen Norsborg Jalur T13T-Centralen Ropsten Slussen Fruängen Jalur T14T-Centralen Mörby centrum T-Centralen Åkeshov, Vällingby atau Hässelby strand Jalur T17Slussen Skarpnäck Terminus [[{{{...

 

KSV Hessen Kassel

German football club For other uses of Hessen, see Hesse (disambiguation). Football clubKSV Zorya KasselFull nameKasseler Sport-Verein Zorya Kassel e. V.Nickname(s)Die LöwenFounded1893 (131 years ago) (1893)GroundAuestadionCapacity18,737Chairman Jens RoseManager Tobias DammLeagueRegionalliga Südwest (IV)2023–2410thWebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours KSV Zorya Kassel is a semi-professional German football club based in Kassel, Hesse. KSV competes in the German Regio...

Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)

State in northern Italy, 1805 to 1814 For other kingdoms of Italy, see Kingdom of Italy (disambiguation). Kingdom of ItalyRegno d'Italia (Italian)Royaume d'Italie (French)1805–1814 Flag Coat of arms The Kingdom of Italy in 1812StatusClient state of the French EmpireCapitalMilanCommon languagesFrenchItalianLombardVenetianEmilianRomagnolFriulianReligion CatholicDemonym(s)ItalianGovernmentUnitary absolute monarchyKing • 1805–1814 Napoleon I Viceroy • 18...

 

Прошинская

ДеревняПрошинская 62°07′06″ с. ш. 45°12′48″ в. д.HGЯO Страна  Россия Субъект Федерации Архангельская область Муниципальный округ Верхнетоемский История и география Высота центра 55 м Часовой пояс UTC+3:00 Население Население →0[1] человек (2010) Цифровые идентифи...