In Salah

Ain Salah
إن صالح
Aïn Salah; ʿĪn Ṣalāḥ; ʿAyn Ṣalāḥ
Commune and town
City gate of Ain Salah.
City gate of Ain Salah.
Location of In Salah commune within In Salah Province
Location of In Salah commune within In Salah Province
Ain Salah is located in Algeria
Ain Salah
Ain Salah
Location of In Salah within Algeria
Coordinates: 27°11′42″N 2°29′0″E / 27.19500°N 2.48333°E / 27.19500; 2.48333
Country Algeria
ProvinceIn Salah Province
DistrictIn Salah District
Area
 • Total
32,518 km2 (12,555 sq mi)
Elevation
293 m (961 ft)
Population
 (2008)[1]
 • Total
32,518
 • Density1.0/km2 (2.6/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
PMA seats (as of 2007)11
ONS code1108
Postal code11220

Ain Salah, officially Aïn Salah (Algerian Arabic: عين صالح, romanized: ʿīn ṣalāḥ), is an oasis town in central Algeria and the capital of In Salah Province and In Salah District. It was once an important trade link in the trans-Saharan caravan route. As of the 2008 census, it had a population of 32,518,[1] up from 28,022 in 1998,[2] with an annual growth rate of 1.5%, the lowest in the province.[1] The village is located in the heart of the Sahara in North Africa. The name In Salah means "good well".[3]

Geography

A creeping dune on the western edge of town is advancing on the city, cutting In Salah in half. The dune is moving at a speed of approximately one meter (three feet) every five years. As buildings are covered by its leading edge, structures at the back of the dune are being gradually uncovered. When a formerly covered location at the back of the dune once again becomes free, it is established who the past owners were and the building is restored and moved into by relatives.[citation needed] Four red or violet clay brick ksur (walled towns) are in the oasis, each having its own citadel.[3]

Climate

Climate in Salah

In Salah has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), with long, extremely hot summers and short, warm winters, and averages just 16 mm (0.63 inches) of rainfall per year. Summer temperatures are consistently high as they commonly approach 50 °C (122 °F) but temperatures at night fall low enough to around 30 °C (86 °F). The high temperature of 49.8 °C (121.6 °F) was registered on 29 July, 2018.[4] Even in early May or in late September, daytime temperatures can easily soar to 45 °C (113 °F). The Sahara region of Algeria is the source of a scorching, sometimes dusty and southerly wind called the Sirocco which parches the plateaus of northern Algeria for up to 40 days and reaches the Tell coastal region for as many as 20 days.[5] During winter, nights can be chilly and frost is by no means unknown but the days are pleasantly warm, sunny and dry.[6] In Salah has recorded at least 35 °C (95 °F) in every month of the year including January and December as the absolute records high temperatures are respectively 35 °C (95 °F) and 36 °C (97 °F) for these two months.[7] The absolute records low temperatures are below the freezing point, with −4 °C (25 °F) recorded in January and −1 °C (30 °F) recorded in both February and December, although freezing temperatures are very rare and don't occur each year.[7] Average annual relative humidity is low with only 24%. The sky is clear all year and cloudy days are very rare. Thereby, the solar irradiation is among the highest found on the planet and the annual sunshine duration is estimated between 3,700 h and 4,000 h. In Salah is often quoted as one of the hottest spots worldwide. With Adrar and Reggane, In Salah forms the "Triangle of Fire" as local inhabitants say due to the extreme desert heat that bakes the region from May to September.[8]

Climate data for In Salah (27º11'42"N, 02º29'00"E, 293 m AMSL) (1991–2020 normals and extremes)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.1
(95.2) 		39.0
(102.2) 		40.4
(104.7) 		46.0
(114.8) 		47.1
(116.8) 		49.3
(120.7) 		50.6
(123.1) 		49.3
(120.7) 		47.7
(117.9) 		44.2
(111.6) 		38.8
(101.8) 		32.9
(91.2) 		50.6
(123.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 22.1
(71.8) 		24.9
(76.8) 		29.7
(85.5) 		34.6
(94.3) 		39.4
(102.9) 		44.0
(111.2) 		46.1
(115.0) 		44.9
(112.8) 		41.9
(107.4) 		35.6
(96.1) 		27.9
(82.2) 		23.1
(73.6) 		34.5
(94.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 14.4
(57.9) 		17.1
(62.8) 		21.6
(70.9) 		26.2
(79.2) 		31.2
(88.2) 		35.7
(96.3) 		38.2
(100.8) 		37.5
(99.5) 		34.3
(93.7) 		28.1
(82.6) 		20.4
(68.7) 		15.8
(60.4) 		26.7
(80.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.8
(44.2) 		9.3
(48.7) 		13.4
(56.1) 		17.8
(64.0) 		23.0
(73.4) 		27.5
(81.5) 		30.4
(86.7) 		30.1
(86.2) 		26.8
(80.2) 		20.6
(69.1) 		12.9
(55.2) 		8.4
(47.1) 		18.9
(66.0)
Record low °C (°F) −3.0
(26.6) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		1.0
(33.8) 		7.1
(44.8) 		11.3
(52.3) 		17.0
(62.6) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.6
(72.7) 		16.9
(62.4) 		9.5
(49.1) 		0.8
(33.4) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		−3.9
(25.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 2.9
(0.11) 		1.0
(0.04) 		1.4
(0.06) 		1.3
(0.05) 		0.8
(0.03) 		1.2
(0.05) 		0.1
(0.00) 		0.6
(0.02) 		1.4
(0.06) 		1.4
(0.06) 		1.4
(0.06) 		0.5
(0.02) 		14.0
(0.55)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.1 2.9
Average relative humidity (%) 42 37 31 28 28 25 23 25 29 33 40 44 32
Mean monthly sunshine hours 276.4 254.9 284.1 292.7 308.8 314.7 378.2 322.9 267.9 278.0 265.4 265.6 3,509.6
Percent possible sunshine 84 80 76 76 74 76 89 80 73 78 82 82 79
Source 1: NOAA (1991–2020 normals and extremes)[9]
Source 2: Arab Meteorology Book (July sun)[10]

Transport

Air flights via In Salah Airport connect the town with the capital Algiers and other major cities in Algeria.[11] The bus station of In Salah hosts buses going to the north and south. There is a hotel, a restaurant, an internet cafe and two camping sites located in the city and surrounding area. The town lies at the junction of the Trans-Sahara Highway (also known as the N1 national highway), which leads north to Ghardaïa and Algiers and south to Tamanrasset, and the N52, which leads west to In Ghar and Reggane.

Economy

Satellite image of In Salah. The oasis is at the center of the image while the city is at top-right. The dark areas are agricultural areas.

Aside from oil and gas reserves, the primary economic activities of In Salah are agricultural in nature with irrigation being supplied by artesian wells. The oasis has over 200,000 date palms. The chief produce are dates, fruits and vegetables. Fruit and vegetable gardens, as well as palm groves, flank the village on its southern and western edges. These groves are protected from the always advancing sand by hedges.[3] In Salah is also a centre for nomadic Tuareg.[12] The In Salah oil and gas fields are home to the In Salah Project, a major component of which includes a facility to remove CO2 from the gas produced. The CO2 is then re-injected into an underground formation.[13]

Historically, In Salah was formerly a trading town which dealt in slaves, ivory and gold from the south. These goods were exchanged with European goods from the north.[citation needed]

In February 2016, BP announced further project start up at In Salah Southern Fields. In Salah Gas, a joint venture between Sonatrach, BP and Statoil today announced the start-up of its Southern Fields project. In Salah Gas was the first project in the world to be environmentally certified to the ISO 14001 standard. The ISO 14001 management system development and implementation was conducted by Sonni Gopal.

Education

6.7% of the population has a tertiary education (the highest rate in the province), and another 20.1% has completed secondary education.[14] The overall literacy rate is 80.1%, and is 88.7% among males and 71.4% among females.[15]

Localities

The commune is composed of 11 localities:[16]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Population: Wilaya de Tamanrasset" (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  2. ^ "Algeria Communes". Statoids. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  3. ^ a b c "I-n-Salah." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 Dec. 2008
  4. ^ "60630: In-Salah (Algeria)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 29 July 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  5. ^ The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago: Scott Fetzer Co., 2007.
  6. ^ E.A. Pearce; Gordon Smith (1990). The Times Books World Weather Guide. The Times Books. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0812918819.
  7. ^ a b "Climate de In-Salah" (in French). Archived from the original on 28 December 2014.
  8. ^ "3ème Groupe de Transport" (in French). 29 July 2009.
  9. ^ "In Salah Climate Normals for 1991–2020". NOAA. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
  10. ^ "Meteorological Data" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2013.
  11. ^ "Routes to/from In Salah Airport". OurAirports. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  12. ^ http://lexicorient.com/e.o/in_salah.htm Archived 2011-06-05 at the Wayback Machine Lixi
  13. ^ "Project Details". Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  14. ^ "Structure relative de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs âgée de 6 ans et plus selon le niveau d'instruction et la commune de résidence" (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  15. ^ "Taux d'analphabétisme et taux d'alphabétisation de la population âgée de 15 ans et plus, selon le sexe et la commune de résidence " (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  16. ^ "Décret n° 84-365, fixant la composition, la consistance et les limites territoriale des communes. Wilaya de Tamanghasset" (PDF) (in French). Journal officiel de la République Algérienne. 19 December 1984. p. 1496. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
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