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If is a subordinator similar to whether, marking the subordinate clause as interrogative (e.g., I don't know if that works).

As a subordinator, if has no conditional meaning (for that, see if (preposition)). Instead, it introduces subordinate closed interrogative clauses.^[1]^{: 972–973} This aligns if with whether, and the two may often be used interchangeably, as in I doubt whether/if that's true. However, if is more constrained. As examples, it can appear neither in the whether or not construction (whether/*if or not the room is ready^[a]), nor for a clausal subject (Whether/*If to attend was the question).

Traditional grammar books commonly treat if, often understood as a single word encompassing both this subordinator and the homonymous preposition, as a "subordinating conjunction", a category covering a broad range of clause-connecting words.^[1]^{: 599–600, 738, 1011–1014}

History

The Oxford English Dictionary traces the word back to its Germanic roots, with cognates in several old Germanic languages, each broadly carrying the meaning of 'if' or 'whether'. The subordinator if (along with the conditional preposition if) existed in the earliest records of English. Examples of the subordinator follow:

Ðonne

Then

mæg

may

mon

one

geseon

see

gif

if

ðær

there

hwelc

any

dieglu

secret

scond

shame

inne

in

bið.

is

'Then one can see if there is any secret shame within.' King Ælfred, translation of Gregory, Pastoral Care (Hatton MS.) (1871) xxi. 157 (Early Old English, from the 890s)^[2]

He..

He

frægn

asked

gif

if

him

wære

was

æfter

after

neodlaðu[m]

urgent-journey

niht

night

getæse.

agreeable

'He asked if the night had passed to his liking after the urgent journey.' Beowulf 1319 (Old English, from between 975 and 1025)^[3]

The OED notes the existence of forms with an initial g, reflecting a palatal /j/.^[4]

Notes

^ This article uses asterisks ⟨*⟩ to indicate ungrammatical expressions. Thus Whether/*if or not the room is ready should be understood as "Whether or not the room is ready is grammatical, but if or not the room is ready is ungrammatical".

References

^ ^a ^b Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43146-0.
^ "Christian Works: Alfred the Great's Old English translation of Gregory the Great's Pastoral Care". Cambridge Digital Library. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
^ Stanley, E.G. (1997-12-31), "The Date of Beowulf: Some Doubts and No Conclusions", The Dating of Beowulf, University of Toronto Press, pp. 197–212, doi:10.3138/9781442657519-017, ISBN 978-1-4426-5751-9, retrieved 2023-12-22
^ "If". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 22 December 2023.

[2] This article uses asterisks ⟨*⟩ to indicate ungrammatical expressions. Thus Whether/*if or not the room is ready should be understood as "Whether or not the room is ready is grammatical, but if or not the room is ready is ungrammatical".

[CamGEL-1] Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43146-0.

[3] "Christian Works: Alfred the Great's Old English translation of Gregory the Great's Pastoral Care". Cambridge Digital Library. Retrieved 2023-12-22.

[4] Stanley, E.G. (1997-12-31), "The Date of Beowulf: Some Doubts and No Conclusions", The Dating of Beowulf, University of Toronto Press, pp. 197–212, doi:10.3138/9781442657519-017, ISBN 978-1-4426-5751-9, retrieved 2023-12-22

[:who-5] "If". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 22 December 2023.

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If (subordinator)

History

Notes

References