Hūlun

This article is about the Jurchen tribal confederacy. For the lake in northern China, see Lake Hulun. For the city, see Hailar District.

Hūlun gurun (Manchu: ᡥᡡᠯᡠᠨ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨᡳ, simplified Chinese: 扈伦国; traditional Chinese: 扈倫國; pinyin: hùlúnguó) was a powerful confederacy of Haixi Jurchens tribes in the late 16th century, based primarily in modern Jilin province of China.

The Hūlun confederacy was formed by Hada-nara Wang-tai (d. 1582), the leader of the Hada tribe, which had drawn its importance from the control of commerce between the late-Ming Liaodong and Jurchen tribes to the east via Guangshun Pass (east of Kaiyuan, which is located near the northern tip of today's Liaoning Province). Besides the Hada themselves, the Hūlun included three other tribal federations, known as Ula, Yehe, and Hoifa.[1]

While the Hūlun people were mostly of Jurchen origin, they had been heavily influenced by the Mongol language and culture, and intermarried with the neighboring Khorchin and Kharchin Mongols. Therefore, were viewed by their southern neighbors – Jianzhou Jurchens, which were in the late 16th century led by Nurhaci – as Monggo ("Mongols").[2]

The Hūlun khan Wang-tai aspired to paramount leadership in the region, establishing a network of political and business relations with Jurchen and Mongol leaders, as well as with the Ming governor of Liaodong, Li Chengliang.[1]

Nurhaci, the chief of the Jianzhou Jurchens, was Wang-tai's son-in-law,[1][Note 1] and, in Pamela Crossley's view, viewed Wang-tai and his Hūlun as role models for himself and his Later Jin dynasty in northeastern China.[1] Many years later, long after Hong Taiji had renamed Jurchens to Manchus, and both Wang-tai and Nurhaci were dead, Qing historians referred to Wang-tai as one of the first great leaders of the "Manchu nations".[1]

In the closing years of the 16th century, Hūlun tribes started recognizing Nurhaci's supremacy although, in some cases, the Nurhaci-appointed chief of a tribe would then try to assert his independence, and a new war would result, as it was the case with Bujantai, the leader of the Ula. Eventually, all four tribes were fully incorporated into Nurhaci's empire (Hada 1601, Hoifa 1607, Ula 1613, Yehe 1619).[3][4]

Notes

  1. ^ Jurchen and Mongol chieftains of the time were often polygamous, thus it would be common for each of them to be a son-in-law, and later in life father-in-law, of many other chiefs; see many allusions to such relations elsewhere in Crossley (2006).

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2002), A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology, University of California Press, pp. 139–40, ISBN 0-520-23424-3
  2. ^ Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Siu, Helen F.; Sutton, Donald S. (2006), Empire at the margins: culture, ethnicity, and frontier in early modern China, Studies on China, vol. 28, University of California Press, p. 65, ISBN 0-520-23015-9
  3. ^ Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2002), The Manchus, Peoples of Asia, vol. 14 (3 ed.), Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 62, 64, ISBN 0-631-23591-4
  4. ^ Fairbank, John K.; Twitchett, Denis Crispin (2002), "Part 1", The Cambridge history of China, vol. 9, Cambridge University Press, p. 30, ISBN 0-521-24334-3
Flag of ChinaHourglass icon  

This article related to the history of China is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Read other articles:

Daddy You, Daughter Me

Daddy You, Daughter MeNama lainHangul아빠는 딸 Alih Aksara yang DisempurnakanAbbaneun Ddal SutradaraKim Hyeong-hyeopProduserKim Yoon-sukJeong Yu-dongSkenarioChoi Yoon-miKim Ji-sunJin Na-riJo Sung-wooBerdasarkanPapa to Musume no Nanokakanoleh Takahisa IgarashiPemeranYoon Je-moonJung So-minSinematograferJeong Gi-wonJang Nam-cheolPenyuntingMoon In-daePerusahaanproduksiA Kimchi Movie ProductionDistributorMegabox Plus MTanggal rilis 12 April 2017 (2017-04-12) Durasi115 menitNegaraKo...

 

Kanjeng Pangeran Haryo

Kanjeng Pangeran Haryo (disingkat KPH atau menurut ejaan pra-EYD K.P.H.) adalah gelar kebangsawanan Jawa yang diberikan kepada keturunan ningrat yang berjasa banyak bagi kerajaan. Semua kerajaan pewaris Mataram menggunakan gelaran ini. Variasi yang mungkin adalah Kanjeng Pangeran Arya (KPA). Dalam bahasa Jawa, harya dibaca aryo. Artikel bertopik Indonesia ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.lbs

 

Tourbière

Tourbière Tourbière du lac de Lispach (Vosges, France) Caractéristiques Localisation modifier Une tourbière est une zone humide caractérisée par le fait que la synthèse de la matière organique y est plus importante que sa dégradation en raison de la saturation en eau. La végétation, en mourant, s'accumule progressivement pour former de la tourbe, un sol caractérisé par sa forte teneur en matière organique, peu ou pas décomposée. Les écosystèmes tourbeux couvrent 3 % à...

Methidathion

Methidathion Names Preferred IUPAC name S-[(5-Methoxy-2-oxo-1,3,4-thiadiazol-3(2H)-yl)methyl] O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate Other names Supracide, Ultracide, Suprathion Identifiers CAS Number 950-37-8 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI:34837 N ChEMBL ChEMBL226651 Y ChemSpider 13115 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.012.227 KEGG C14431 Y PubChem CID 13709 UNII Y2P145U7KK Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID5020819 InChI InChI=1S/C6H11N2O4PS3/c1-10-5-7-8(6(9)16-5)4-...

 

Batalyon Infanteri 754

Batalyon Infanteri 754/Eme Neme KangasiLambang Yonif Raider 754/KostradDibentuk29 November 2004NegaraIndonesiaCabangInfanteriTipe unitRaiderPeranPasukan Pemukul Reaksi Cepat Lintas MedanBagian dariBrigif R 20/IJKMarkasKuala Kencana, Mimika, Papua TengahJulukanYonif 754/ENKMotoCepat Senyap TepatBaretHijau LumutMaskotBurung Kakatua RajaUlang tahun29 November Batalyon Infanteri 754/Eme Neme Kangasi atau Yonif 754/ENK adalah sebuah batalyon infanteri Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) yang berada d...

 

Ayacucho

City in PeruThis article is about the Peruvian town. For other uses, see Ayacucho (disambiguation). Place in PeruAyacucho HuamangaSan Juan de la Frontera de HuamangaTop: Ayacucho Basilica Cathedral, Second left: Plaza de Armas de Ayacucho (Ayacucho Square), Second right: Mirador Acuchinay Observatory, Third left: Templo de Santo Domingo de Guzmán, Third right: Mariscal Sucre Monument in Ayacucho Square, Bottom: Ayacucho Triumphal Arch FlagCoat of armsNickname: The City of ChurchesAyacuc...

Paul Nurse

English geneticist and Nobel laureate SirPaul NurseOM CH FRS FMedSci HonFREng HonFBA MAEChancellor of the University of BristolIncumbentAssumed office 2017PresidentHugh BradyPreceded byThe Baroness Hale of Richmond61st President of the Royal SocietyIn office1 December 2010 – 1 December 2015Preceded byThe Lord Rees of LudlowSucceeded byVenkatraman Ramakrishnan9th President of Rockefeller UniversityIn office2003–2011Preceded byArnold LevineSuccee...

 

Operation Yiftach

Palmach offensive Operation Yiftach (Hebrew: מבצע יפתח, Mivtza Yiftah) was a Palmach offensive carried out between 28 April and 23 May 1948. The objectives were to capture Safed and to secure the eastern Galilee before the British Mandate ended on 14 May 1948. It was carried out by two Palmach battalions commanded by Yigal Allon. Background Operation Yiftach was part of Plan Dalet, which aimed at securing the areas allocated to the Jewish state in the UN partition plan before the end ...

 

Claire Tomalin

Questa voce sull'argomento scrittori britannici è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Claire Tomalin nel 2013 Claire Tomalin, nata Claire Delavenay (Londra, 20 giugno 1933), è una scrittrice e biografa britannica. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Vita privata 3 Opere principali 3.1 Biografie 3.2 Saggi 3.3 Memoir 4 Filmografia 5 Premi e riconoscimenti 6 Note 7 Altri progetti 8 Collegamenti esterni Biogra...

Pittsburg and Shawmut Railroad

Railway line This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Pittsburg and Shawmut Railroad – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2...

 

Bird wing

Paired forelimb that allows birds to fly Not to be confused with the butterfly family Birdwing. The skeleton of a bird wing. Places of attachment of various groups of flight feathers are indicated. The mute swan with outstretched wings Wing of the white-tailed eagle Bird wings are a paired forelimb in birds. The wings give the birds the ability to fly, creating lift. Terrestrial flightless birds have reduced wings or none at all (for example, moa). In aquatic flightless birds (penguins), wing...

 

Pixel (disambiguation)

Look up pixel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 4 illustration of the term Pixel A pixel is the base element of a digital image in computer graphics. Pixel may also refer to: Technology Google Pixel, a line of consumer electronics devices that run ChromeOS or the Android operating system, including: Chromebook Pixel, a touchscreen chromebook laptop from Google Pixel C, a 2015 Android tablet from Google Pixel Slate, the 2018 succeeding model Pixel Tablet Pixel (smartphone), Android phones P...

مساعدة:وصلة

جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولبوابة المجتمع إرشادات الركائز الخمس إمكان التحقق ويكيبيديا ليست وجهة النظر المحايدة حقوق التأليف والنشر لا أبحاث غير منشورة السير الذاتية قواعد النقاش افترض حسن النية تصويت مساعدة مبتدئون تحرير الصفحات بداية مقالة تسمية المقالات روابط تصنيف تسمي�...

 

بوابة:تلفاز

ثقافة — جغرافيا — التاريخ — علوم — مجتمع — تقانة — رياضة قائمة البوابات بوابة تلفاز التلفاز أو التلفزيون هو جهاز اتصالات لبث و استقبال صور متحركة و صوت عن بعد. و قد اطلق الاصطلاح لكي يشمل كل نواحي البرامج و الإرسال. أول نظام تلفزيون تماثلي (Analogue) شبه ميكانيكي عرض في لندن ف�...

 

Azzano San Paolo

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Azzano. Cet article est une ébauche concernant une localité italienne et la Lombardie. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Azzano San Paolo Armoiries Administration Pays Italie Région Lombardie  Province Bergame  Code postal 24052 Code ISTAT 016016 Code cadastral A528 Préfixe tel. 035 Démographie Gentilé azzanesi Population 7 685 hab. (31-12...

List of airlines of Iraq

Airlines within the Republic of Iraq This is a list of airlines currently operating in Iraq & Kurdistan Region Scheduled airlines Airline Image IATA ICAO Callsign Commenced operations Notes Fly Baghdad IF FBA FLY BAGHDAD 2015 FlyErbil HW BAY HAWLER 2018 Iraqi Airways IA IAW IRAQI 1945 UR Airlines UD UBD URAIR 2019 Al-Burhan Airways - - - 2014 Helicopter Operator See also List of defunct airlines of Iraq List of defunct airlines of Asia List of airlines vteLists of airlinesBy airline codes...

 

Calcita

Calcita Cristales de calcitaGeneralCategoría MineralClase V. Oxisales (carbonatos)Fórmula química CaCO3Propiedades físicasColor Variable según impurezas (blanco, caramelo)Raya BlancaLustre VítreoTransparencia TranslúcidoSistema cristalino RomboédricoExfoliación Perfecta en {1011} tres direcciones, con ángulo de 74° 55'[1]​Dureza 3Densidad 2,7 g/cm³Variedades principalesDiente de perro  Espato de Islandia  [editar datos en Wikidata] Estructura cristalina d...

 

Dynabook AZ

Dynabook AZ (AZ05M)なお標準ではデスクトップ壁紙にダイナブックのロゴ入りコンピュータグラフィックが設定されている。写真はショートカットやウィジットの配列が標準ではない Dynabook AZ（だいなぶっくえーぜっと）とは、東芝が販売しているAndroid OSを搭載したクラウドブックである。同社dynabookシリーズの2010年夏モデルとしてリリースされた。 概要 本端末は、形状は�...

名偵探柯南：100萬美元的五稜星

名偵探柯南：100萬美元的五稜星名探偵コナン 100万ドルの五稜星電影海報基本资料导演永岡智佳编剧大倉崇裕（日语：大倉崇裕）原著《名偵探柯南》青山剛昌作品主演 高山南 山口勝平（二役） 山崎和佳奈 小山力也 堀川亮 宮村優子 雪野五月 小野大輔 游佐浩二 石井康嗣 M·A·O 大泉洋 配乐菅野祐悟主題曲aiko〈相思相愛〉[1]制片商TMS／第一工作室片长111分鐘产地日�...

 

Cesare Maccari

Cesare Maccari Cesare Maccari (Siena, 9 maggio 1840 – Roma, 7 agosto 1919) è stato un pittore e scultore italiano. È stato anche un importante acquafortista. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Note 3 Bibliografia 4 Voci correlate 5 Altri progetti 6 Collegamenti esterni Biografia La cupola della Basilica della Santa Casa di Loreto. L'allegoria dell'Italia affrescata da C. Maccari (1882-90) sul soffitto di una sala del Palazzo del Senato a Roma Nato nel 1840 a Siena, da Giuseppe e Carolina Mannucci, Macc...