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Huequi
Huequi
Highest point
Elevation	1,318 m (4,324 ft)
Coordinates	42°22′24″S 72°34′48″W / 42.37333°S 72.58000°W
Geography
	Huequi Location of Huequi in southern Chile
Location	Chile
Parent range	Andes
Geology
Mountain type	Lava domes
Last eruption	1920 (?)

Huequi (Spanish pronunciation: [weki]^[2]) is a volcano in the Los Lagos Region of Chile. It is in the Southern Volcanic Zone, in the centre of Ayacara Peninsula and close to the Gulf of Ancud. It is made up of a lava dome complex situated in a depression of unclear origin, a postglacial lava dome Calle and a Pleistocene volcano with Holocene parasitic cones, with a sharp summit at 1,318 metres (4,324 ft). There were reports of eruptions 1890–1920, and it is said to have "smoked" in 1935.

Geography and geology

The volcano is also known as Hueque, Relibuentu and Huequen.^[3] It is in a remote region of southern Chile with no road access. There are only a few villages along the coast,^[4] and little human modification of the environment.^[5]

Huequi lies roughly at the centre of the Ayacara Peninsula east of the Gulf of Ancud.^[4] Huequi is part of the Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ), lying in its southern sector between the volcanoes Hornopiren and Chaiten-Minchinmavida;^[4] Chaiten erupted in 2008.^[5] Compared to other volcanoes in the SVZ it is small, rising only 400 metres (1,300 ft) from a curved depression^[1] to an elevation of 1,318 metres (4,324 ft), and it lacks glaciers.^[6] Huequi consists of a pile of lava domes that are heavily eroded and cut by sector collapses. A partially collapsed dome forms the summit.^[1] A summit crater was reported as "narrow" in 1909^[2] and as 800 metres (2,600 ft) wide by the Global Volcanism Program.^[7] Debris avalanches, partly channelled by a northwestward trending valley in the edifice, have formed a fan on that side of Huequi.^[1] Pumice from the volcano has been carried to the sea by the Huequi River, which originates at the foot of Huequi.^[8] Two additional cones are named Porcelana and Barranes Colorado^[3] or Barranco Colorado;^[9] there is also the Calle postglacial lava dome.^[10] The Huequi volcano may be part of larger volcanic complexes that are now eroded.^[11] The basement is formed by faulted granite and metamorphic rocks^[4] of the North Patagonian Batholith.^[9]

The subduction of the Nazca Plate under the South American Plate gives rise to the volcanism of the Andes.^[12] In the southern sector between Yate and Cerro Hudson, where Huequi is located, the crust is thin and does not heavily influence the basaltic and basaltic andesite magmas.^[1] East of the volcano passes the Liquine-Ofqui Fault Zone in a fjord;^[4] the volcano lies on a separate, northwest-trending lineament.^[13]

Composition

Huequi has erupted andesite and basaltic andesite, which have grey and red colours and feature both layered and brecciated sequences.^[1] Dacite has also been reported.^[14] The volcanic rocks define a calc-alkaline suite^[15] that resembles the adakites of Nevado de Longavi.^[16] The main phenocryst phase is plagioclase, followed by orthopyroxene and hornblende.^[17] The lava domes contain columnar forms exposed in cliffs and dense porphyries. Compared to other volcanoes in this sector of the Southern Volcanic Zone, Huequi's magmas are water-rich. This may explain some peculiarities about its eruptive activity, as the water escapes from the magma and leaves a viscous andesite.^[18]

Climate and vegetation

The region has a humid climate, with storm systems from the Pacific Ocean bringing about 2 m (79 in)^[12] or 3–3.2 m (120–130 in)^[5] of precipitation during autumn and winter. Mean annual temperatures are about 8 °C (46 °F).^[12] It is covered by the Valdivian rainforest, with Amomyrtus meli, Drimys winteri, Luma apiculata, Nothofagus nitida and Podocarpus as representative plant species.^[5]

Eruption history

Southeast of Huequi lie three small volcanoes, which probably erupted during the Pleistocene.^[4] Porcelana is of Pleistocene age.^[10] During the Holocene, the volcano repeatedly produced lava domes that frequently collapsed, and explosive eruptions that deposited tephra.^[18] The debris avalanche deposits consist of older volcanic rocks, pumice and lithics from the basement. The collapses were not energetic, with most of the debris being confined by the surrounding topography; their heavy vegetation cover indicates that they are older than the most recent eruption.^[19] Tephra layers in Lago Futalaufquen have been correlated to an eruption in AD 1645–1745.^[20]

There are sparse reports of eruptions between 1890–1920,^[4] with reports from the years 1890–91, 1893–94, 1895–96, 1906, 1917, 1920, and 1922.^[21] The activity was visible from Chiloe^[8] and Puerto Montt.^[22] Some of this activity may relate to the 1906 Valparaíso earthquake.^[23] These eruptions reached a volcanic explosivity index of 2–3^[24] and deposited patches of tephra to the north of the volcano.^[25] Contemporary records indicate that the 1890 eruption deposited ash from Chiloe into Argentina.^[26] The tephra consists of red and black scoria and pumice, formed presumably by Vulcanian eruptions.^[25] The summit dome may have formed during this sequence.^[1] The volcano was reportedly "smoking" in 1935.^[27]

Porcelana geyser and Porcelana hot spring lie on the Ayacara Peninsula and are associated with Huequi.^[28] The Porcelana geysers have produced pinnacles of travertine reaching heights of 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in); this extreme size in a highly erosive environment may be due to microbial chemical processes.^[9] The area has good potential for geothermal energy.^[29]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Watt, Pyle & Mather 2011, p. 337.
^ ^a ^b Martin 1909, p. 35.
^ ^a ^b GVP 2023, Synonyms & Subfeatures.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Watt, Pyle & Mather 2011, p. 336.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Parra, Mohr & Korup 2021, p. 2.
^ GVP 2023, General Information.
^ GVP 2023, Photo Gallery.
^ ^a ^b Martin 1909, p. 91.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ruiz et al. 2017.
^ ^a ^b Rabassa 2011, p. 101.
^ Moreno & Gibbons 2007, p. 164.
^ ^a ^b ^c Daga, Ribeiro Guevara & Arribére 2016, p. 234.
^ Lopez-Escobar, Cembrano & Moreno 1995, p. 226.
^ Daga, Ribeiro Guevara & Arribére 2016, p. 238.
^ Watt, Pyle & Mather 2011, p. 344.
^ Watt, Pyle & Mather 2011, p. 346.
^ Watt, Pyle & Mather 2011, p. 340.
^ ^a ^b Watt, Pyle & Mather 2011, p. 339.
^ Watt, Pyle & Mather 2011, p. 338.
^ Daga, Ribeiro Guevara & Arribére 2016, p. 242.
^ Daga, Ribeiro Guevara & Arribére 2016, p. 240.
^ Martin 1909, p. 215.
^ Scalera 2013, p. 94.
^ GVP 2023, Eruptive history.
^ ^a ^b Watt, Pyle & Mather 2011, pp. 339–340.
^ Risopatrón 1924, Huequi.
^ United States Hydrographic Office 1935, p. 103.
^ Mackenzie, Pedrós-Alió & Díez 2013, p. 124.
^ Lemus et al. 2015, p. 520.

Sources

Daga, Romina; Ribeiro Guevara, Sergio; Arribére, María (March 2016). "New records of late Holocene tephras from Lake Futalaufquen (42.8°S), northern Patagonia". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 66: 232–247. Bibcode:2016JSAES..66..232D. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2015.12.003. hdl:11336/59951.
"Huequi". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
Lemus, Martín; Pérez, Yasna; Honores, Carolina; Aguilera, Felipe (October 2015). Favorabilidad Geotérmica en ambientes de media a alta entalpía de la Regiónde Los Lagos (PDF). XIV Chilean Geological Congress (in Spanish). La Serena.
Lopez-Escobar, Leopoldo; Cembrano, Jose; Moreno, Hugo (1 December 1995). "Geochemistry and tectonics of the Chilean Southern Andes basaltic Quaternary volcanism (37–46°S)". Andean Geology. 22 (2): 219–234. ISSN 0718-7106.
Mackenzie, Roy; Pedrós-Alió, Carlos; Díez, Beatriz (January 2013). "Bacterial composition of microbial mats in hot springs in Northern Patagonia: variations with seasons and temperature". Extremophiles. 17 (1): 123–136. doi:10.1007/s00792-012-0499-z. PMID 23208511. S2CID 16892774.
Martin, Carl (1909). Landeskunde von Chile (in German). De Gruyter, Incorporated – via Google Books.
Moreno, Teresa; Gibbons, Wes, eds. (12 June 2007). The Geology of Chile (First ed.). The Geological Society of London. doi:10.1144/goch. ISBN 978-1-86239-393-6 – via ResearchGate.
Parra, Eric; Mohr, Christian H.; Korup, Oliver (16 December 2021). "Predicting Patagonian Landslides: Roles of Forest Cover and Wind Speed". Geophysical Research Letters. 48 (23). Bibcode:2021GeoRL..4895224P. doi:10.1029/2021GL095224. S2CID 236566558.
Rabassa, Jorge (22 September 2011). The Late Cenozoic of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. Elsevier. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-08-055889-9.
Risopatrón, Luis (1924). Diccionario jeográfico de Chile (in Spanish). Imprenta universitaria – via Wikisource.
Ruiz, Bárbara Salomé; Morata, Diego; Díez, Beatriz; Daniele, Linda (15 December 2017). Columnar travertines: bio-influenced genesis, Porcelana Geysers, Northern Patagonia, Chile. AGU Fall Meeting. New Orleans – via Academia.edu.
Scalera, G. (13 August 2013). "The vague volcano-seismic clock of the South American Pacific margin". Advances in Geosciences. 35: 89–103. Bibcode:2013AdG....35...89S. doi:10.5194/adgeo-35-89-2013. ISSN 1680-7340.
United States Hydrographic Office (1935). "Volcan Huequi". Sailing Directions for South America. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 103.
Watt, Sebastian F.L.; Pyle, David M.; Mather, Tamsin A. (9 August 2011). "Geology, petrology and geochemistry of the dome complex of Huequi volcano, southern Chile". Andean Geology. 38 (2): 335. doi:10.5027/andgeoV38n2-a05. S2CID 59174669.

External links

Alcamán-Arias, María E.; Pedrós-Alió, Carlos; Tamames, Javier; Fernández, Camila; Pérez-Pantoja, Danilo; Vásquez, Mónica; Díez, Beatriz (2018). "Diurnal Changes in Active Carbon and Nitrogen Pathways Along the Temperature Gradient in Porcelana Hot Spring Microbial Mat". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 2353. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02353. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 6176055. PMID 30333812.
SERNAGEOMIN

[FOOTNOTEWattPyleMather2011337-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Watt, Pyle & Mather 2011, p. 337.

[FOOTNOTEMartin190935-2] Martin 1909, p. 35.

[FOOTNOTEGVP2023Synonyms_&_Subfeatures-3] GVP 2023, Synonyms & Subfeatures.

[FOOTNOTEWattPyleMather2011336-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Watt, Pyle & Mather 2011, p. 336.

[FOOTNOTEParraMohrKorup20212-5] Parra, Mohr & Korup 2021, p. 2.

[FOOTNOTEGVP2023General_Information-6] GVP 2023, General Information.

[FOOTNOTEGVP2023Photo_Gallery-7] GVP 2023, Photo Gallery.

[FOOTNOTEMartin190991-8] Martin 1909, p. 91.

[FOOTNOTERuizMorataDíezDaniele2017-9] Ruiz et al. 2017.

[FOOTNOTERabassa2011101-10] Rabassa 2011, p. 101.

[FOOTNOTEMorenoGibbons2007164-11] Moreno & Gibbons 2007, p. 164.

[FOOTNOTEDagaRibeiro_GuevaraArribére2016234-12] Daga, Ribeiro Guevara & Arribére 2016, p. 234.

[FOOTNOTELopez-EscobarCembranoMoreno1995226-13] Lopez-Escobar, Cembrano & Moreno 1995, p. 226.

[FOOTNOTEDagaRibeiro_GuevaraArribére2016238-14] Daga, Ribeiro Guevara & Arribére 2016, p. 238.

[FOOTNOTEWattPyleMather2011344-15] Watt, Pyle & Mather 2011, p. 344.

[FOOTNOTEWattPyleMather2011346-16] Watt, Pyle & Mather 2011, p. 346.

[FOOTNOTEWattPyleMather2011340-17] Watt, Pyle & Mather 2011, p. 340.

[FOOTNOTEWattPyleMather2011339-18] Watt, Pyle & Mather 2011, p. 339.

[FOOTNOTEWattPyleMather2011338-19] Watt, Pyle & Mather 2011, p. 338.

[FOOTNOTEDagaRibeiro_GuevaraArribére2016242-20] Daga, Ribeiro Guevara & Arribére 2016, p. 242.

[FOOTNOTEDagaRibeiro_GuevaraArribére2016240-21] Daga, Ribeiro Guevara & Arribére 2016, p. 240.

[FOOTNOTEMartin1909215-22] Martin 1909, p. 215.

[FOOTNOTEScalera201394-23] Scalera 2013, p. 94.

[FOOTNOTEGVP2023Eruptive_history-24] GVP 2023, Eruptive history.

[FOOTNOTEWattPyleMather2011339–340-25] Watt, Pyle & Mather 2011, pp. 339–340.

[FOOTNOTERisopatrón1924Huequi-26] Risopatrón 1924, Huequi.

[FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Hydrographic_Office1935103-27] United States Hydrographic Office 1935, p. 103.

[FOOTNOTEMackenziePedrós-AlióDíez2013124-28] Mackenzie, Pedrós-Alió & Díez 2013, p. 124.

[FOOTNOTELemusPérezHonoresAguilera2015520-29] Lemus et al. 2015, p. 520.

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Huequi

Geography and geology

Composition

Climate and vegetation

Eruption history

See also

References

Sources

External links

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