Hiram Bingham I

This article is about the Hawaiian missionary. For other uses, see Bingham (disambiguation).
Hiram Bingham I
Bingham in 1852
Born(1789-10-30)October 30, 1789
Bennington, Vermont Republic
DiedNovember 11, 1869(1869-11-11) (aged 80)
New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Alma materMiddlebury College
Occupation(s)Missionary, writer, translator, royal advisor
Known forconverting the Kingdom of Hawaii to Christianity and serving as Kawaiahaʻo Church's first pastor
Spouses
ChildrenHiram Bingham II, and six others
Parent(s)Calvin and Lydia Bingham
Signature
Portrait of Hiram and Sybil Moseley Bingham, by Samuel Morse, 1819

Hiram Bingham, formally Hiram Bingham I (October 30, 1789 – November 11, 1869), was the leader of the first group of American Protestant missionaries to introduce Christianity to the Hawaiian Islands. Like most of the missionaries, he was from New England.

Life

Bingham was descended from Deacon Thomas Bingham, who emigrated to the American colonies in 1650 and settled in Connecticut Colony. He was born October 30, 1789, in Bennington, Vermont, one of thirteen children of his mother, Lydia, and father, Calvin Bingham.[1] He attended Middlebury College and the Andover Theological Seminary.[2] He had as private tutor Rev. Elisha Yale, who taught him Greek and Latin and prepared him for higher education.[3][4]

After breaking his first engagement Bingham found a new bride, Sybil Moseley. He needed to be married to be accepted as a missionary. On October 23, 1819, the young couple sailed out of Boston aboard the brig Thaddeus along with Asa and Lucy Goodale Thurston to lead a mission in the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) for the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.[5]

Hawaii

Bingham and his wife arrived first on the island of Hawaii in 1820, and sailed on to Honolulu on Oʻahu on April 19. In 1823, Queen Kaʻahumanu and six high chiefs requested baptism. Soon after, the Hawaiian government banned prostitution and drunkenness, which resulted in the shipping industry and the foreign community resenting Bingham's influence.[6] Bingham wrote extensively about the natives and was critical of their land-holding regime and of their "state of civilization". He supported the introduction of market values along with Christianity: historians now reference his writings to illustrate the imperial values that were central to the attitudes of the United States towards Hawaii.[7] Bingham became involved in the development of the spelling system for writing the Hawaiian language, and also translated parts of the Bible into Hawaiian.[8]

Bingham designed the Kawaiahaʻo Church in Honolulu on the Hawaiian Island of Oʻahu. The building, constructed between 1836 and 1842 in the New England style typical of the Hawaiian missionaries, is one of the oldest standing Christian places of worship in Hawaiʻi.

Bingham used his influence with Queen Kaʻahumanu to instigate a strongly anti-Catholic policy in Hawaii, considerably impeding the work of the French Catholic missionary Alexis Bachelot (1796-1837) and resulting in decades of persecution of those Hawaiians who converted to Catholicism. This was motivated by opposition to the spread of French influence in Hawaii as well as by the religious Protestant-Catholic rivalry and enmity.[9]

Legacy and honors

  • A math building in Punahou School is named after Bingham.
  • Bingham Tract School was an academically rigorous elementary school, named after him, and operated on the Bingham lands until the mid-1990s.

Return

The board grew concerned that Bingham was interfering too often in Hawaiian politics and recalled him. The Binghams left on August 3, 1840 and reached New England on February 4, 1841.[10] It was intended to be a sabbatical owing to Sybil's poor health, but the board refused to reappoint Bingham as a missionary, even after Sybil's death on February 27, 1848. He published a memoir, A Residence of Twenty-One Years in the Sandwich Islands, in 1847.[11]

Bingham remained in New England, where he served as the pastor of an African-American church. In 1852 he remarried, to Naomi Morse, who ran a girls' school. He died on November 11, 1869, and was buried at Grove Street Cemetery, in New Haven, Connecticut. Leonard Bacon gave the address at his funeral.[1]

Hawaiian Bible and hymns

Bingham was the leader of a group of missionaries that included Asa Thurston and Artemas Bishop and they translated the Christian Bible into the Hawaiian language. The New Testament was published in 1832 and the Old Testament in 1839. The entire NT/OT Bible was revised in 1868 and was republished as Ka Baibala Hemolele (The Holy Bible) in 2018 in print and electronic forms.[12]

Binamu (Bingham's Hawaiian name) also composed Hawaiian hymns[13] such as ‘Himeni Hope’ (closing hymn), starting with "Ho'omaika'i i ka Makua Ke Akua o kakou, ...", meaning ‘Blessings to the Father, the God of us all, ...’, which were typically quiet and reflective but powerful. His hymns are still sung in Hawaii at the churches and by the choruses in concert.

Legacy

Bingham's son, Hiram Bingham II, was also a missionary to the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. His daughter Lydia married the later Hawaiian missionary Titus Coan.

His grandson Hiram Bingham III was an explorer who brought Machu Picchu to the attention of the west and became a US Senator and Governor of Connecticut. Another grandson, Edwin Lincoln Moseley, was a naturalist.

His great-grandson Hiram Bingham IV was the US Vice Consul in Marseilles, France, during World War II and rescued Jews from the Holocaust. Another great-grandson, Jonathan Brewster Bingham, was a long-time Reform Democratic Congressman from The Bronx from the mid-1960s through the early 1980s.

In World War II, the United States liberty ship SS Hiram Bingham was named in his honor. It was hull number 1726.

Bingham was caricatured as the character Reverend Abner Hale in James Michener's novel Hawaii.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Congregational Necrology". The Congregational quarterly. Vol. 13. American Congregational Association. 1871. pp. 593–596.
  2. ^ Sarah Johnson and Eileen Moffett (Spring 2006). "Lord, Send Us: A Kaleidoscope of evangelists". Christian History & Biography. 90: 37–38.
  3. ^ God's Generals - The Missionaries, Rober'ts Liardon, Whitetaker House, 2014, p. 153
  4. ^ CYCLOPEDIA of BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL and ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE, Becan - Binney, Joseph Getchell by James Strong & John McClintock, 2000, p. 361
  5. ^ Lucy Goodale Thurston (1872). Life and Times of Mrs. Lucy G. Thurston: Wife of Rev. Asa Thurston, Pioneer Missionary to the Sandwich Islands. reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007. ISBN 978-1-4325-4547-5.
  6. ^ Fortune, Kate (January 2000). "History: Religion and Christianity: Missionary biographies". In Lal, Brij V.; Fortune, Kate (eds.). The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press (published 2000). p. 188. ISBN 9780824822651. Retrieved 9 May 2022. Bingham was content to accept [the requests for baptism] as a victory for Christianity, and to bear the brunt of the opposition of the foreign community to subsequent royal bans on prostitution, gambling and drunkenness.
  7. ^ Compare: Alfred L. Brophy, "How Missionaries Thought: About Property Law, For Instance", Hawaii Law Review (2008) 30: 373-99. - "Not surprisingly, Bingham, because he was a missionary, focused on the goal of conversion to Christianity and 'civilization.' What did that mean? What was the role of property and the 'rule of law' in 'civilization'? In part it meant respect for property rights. There were in Bingham's short recitation of the history of the islands echoes of celebration of property rights. He portrayed land ownership as a feudal system—which in the early nineteenth century was viewed with universal disdain in the United States—and suggested that such patterns of ownership, and lack of the rule of law more generally, left the people without an incentive to develop economically [...]."
  8. ^ a b David Stowe (1999). "Bingham, Hiram". In Gerald H. Anderson (ed.). Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions. William B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0-8028-4680-8.
  9. ^ Tabrah, Ruth M. (1984). Hawaii : a history. American Association for State and Local History (1st ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-30220-2. OCLC 11030410.
  10. ^ Hawaiian Mission Children's Society (1901). Portraits of American Protestant missionaries to Hawaii. Honolulu: Hawaiian gazette co. p. 2.
  11. ^ Hiram Bingham I (1855) [1848]. A Residence of Twenty-one Years in the Sandwich Islands (Third ed.). H.D. Goodwin.
  12. ^ "No ka Baibala Hemolele: The Making of the Hawaiian Bible1 (Jeffrey Lyon, 2018), p. 124" (PDF). Hawaii.edu. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
  13. ^ "Hiram Bingham - Hymnary.org". Hymnary.org. Retrieved April 8, 2019.[permanent dead link‍]

Further reading

  • Hiram Bingham I (1988). Char Miller (ed.). Selected writings of Hiram Bingham, Missionary to the Hawaiian Islands: To Raise the Lord's Banner. E. Mellen Press, Lewiston, NY. ISBN 978-0-88946-675-3.
  • Char Miller (1982). Fathers and sons, the Bingham family and the American mission. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-0-87722-248-4.
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