Controlled-access highways in Poland are part of the national roads network and they are divided into motorways and expressways. Both types of highways feature grade-separated interchanges with all other roads, emergency lanes, feeder lanes, wildlife crossings and dedicated roadside rest areas. Motorways differ from expressways in their technical parameters like designated speed, permitted road curvature, lane widths or minimal distances between interchanges. Moreover, expressways might have single-carriageway sections in case of low traffic densities (as of 2024, such sections constitute 3.5% of the highway network).
The development of modern highways began in the 1970s, but proceeded very slowly under the communist rule and for the first years afterwards: between 1970 and 2000 only 434 km of highways were constructed in total (5% of the planned network).[2] Further 1050 km (13% of the network) were opened from 2001 to 2010, followed by 2773 km (34% of the network) constructed between 2011 and 2020.[3] It is planned to open about 2600 km (about 32%) in the 2020s, while the last ca. 15% would be completed after 2030.[4]
As of November 2024[update], there are 5173.4 km[5] of motorways and expressways in operation (62% of the intended network), while contracts for construction of further 1413 km[6][7] (17% of the network) are ongoing.
Except for the single-carriageway expressways, both types of highways fulfill the definition of a motorway as specified by OECD, WRA or Vienna Convention. Speed limits in Poland are 140 km/h on motorways and 120 km/h on expressways (100 km/h for single-carriageway expressway sections). Some motorway stretches are tolled.
Technical parameters
Motorways are public roads with controlled access which are designated for motor vehicles only, and feature two carriageways with at least two continuous lanes each, divided by a median. They have no single-level intersections with any roads or other forms of land and water transport, and have wildlife crossings constructed above the road. They feature emergency lanes and feeder lanes, and are equipped with dedicated roadside rest areas. Motorways are the only roads in Poland which use blue background on road signs; others use green road signs.
Expressways share most of the characteristics of motorways, differing mainly in that:
Expressways are designated for lower speed than motorways. For example, the road curvature can be more severe and the lanes are usually narrower (3.5m vs 3.75m). Emergency lanes can also be narrower (2.5m vs 3m) and in exceptional situations expressways might not have them at all.
Expressways can have a single carriageway on sections with low traffic density.
Motorways can have interchanges only with main roads, and the distance between interchanges is typically not less than 15 km (or 5 km near major cities), while expressways typically have more frequent interchanges. In exceptional situations, expressways might not have dedicated feeder lanes on interchanges.
In theory, expressways are also allowed to have a one-level junction with a minor public road in exceptional cases,[8] however in 2020 the last such remaining junction in Poland was reconstructed as a two-level interchange.[9][10][11]
List of motorways and expressways
In 2004, the government published the ordinance defining the planned highway network of length about 7,200 km (4,474 mi).[12] Notable changes introduced in later amendments include re-routing S8 and adding S61 instead (a change related to the Rospuda Valley conflict),[13] introducing S16, S52 and A/S50,[14] as well as extending S5,[15]S8[16] and S10,[17] raising the total length to about 8,200 km (5,095 mi).[18][14]
Motorways and expressways constructed before 1999 do not have to fulfill technical parameters defined by the ministry ordinance. As of 2024, one notable case of a substandard highway remains:
A4 on the section Krzyżowa – Wrocław (103 km) was constructed in years 1934 – 1937 (then the territory of Nazi Germany) and renovated in years 2002 – 2006. The road received new high quality surface but the geometry was kept unchanged and many overpasses above the motorway were kept. In effect, this part has no emergency lanes and the speed limit is decreased to 110 km/h. Its full reconstruction (and widening to three lanes per direction) is scheduled for years 2027 – 2031.[28]
Notable historical cases are:
Historical cases
S3 near Szczecin (19 km) was opened in 1979 and it featured two at-grade road intersections, as the last such expressway section in Poland, until the reconstruction in years 2019 – 2020.[9][29][11]
A6 near Szczecin (29 km) was constructed by Nazi Germany and kept using the original surface made of concrete slabs until the reconstruction conducted in years 1996 – 1999 and (easternmost fragment) 2017 – 2021.[30]
A18 (70 km) had its southern carriageway constructed by Nazi Germany. The northern carriageway was constructed in 2004 – 2006, while the southern carriageway kept using the original concrete slabs until the reconstruction conducted in years 2020 – 2023.
Speed limits
Vehicle
Maximum speed (km/h)
Motorway
dual-carriageway expressway
single-carriageway expressway
Private car, motorbike, van up to 3.5t (does not apply if towing trailer)
140
120
100
Bus meeting additional technical requirements
100
Bus; a vehicle over 3.5t or towing trailer or carrying dangerous materials
80
Vehicle having equipment more than 1.5m forward of the driver's seat
60
Motorbike (including towing trailer) carrying a child up to 7 years old
40
Other restrictions
Pedestrians, bicycles, mopeds, and agricultural vehicles are not allowed on motorways.
Minimum speed on motorways is 40 km/h except in extraordinary circumstances (e.g. snow, ice, or a car broken down).
It is forbidden to stop except in extraordinary circumstances, or to travel backwards.
Towing is not allowed on motorways, but is permitted on expressways.
Tolls
Motorways with tolled sections
Since 2023, almost all highways are free for vehicles up to 3.5 tons of permissible maximum weight[31][32] (for a passenger car with a trailer, the joint permissible maximum weight of the car and the trailer must not exceed 3.5 tons[33]). On some sections, the old infrastructure for toll collection is still in place.
The privately-owned sections of A2 and A4 are tolled. These sections are indicated by the motorway sign accompanied by the word Płatna.
The bypass of Poznań, including the common sections with S5 and S11, is free.
Closed system: there are toll stations on every interchange both entering and exiting the tolled section; the driver receives a ticket upon entering the motorway and pays on the exit, with the price dependent on the distance driven.
Open system: two toll stations are located at the ends of the section; a person driving the whole distance pays at both gates, while a person entering or leaving the motorway mid-section pays only at one gate.
The bypass of Kraków, including the common sections with S7 and S52, is free.
Electronic toll collection through the Autopay mobile app,[34][35] allows one to choose the "fast gates" for e-toll instead of waiting in the queue to the regular gates that support both manual and electronic toll collection.
Vehicles over 3.5 tons and buses
E-toll sign for vehicles over 3.5 t
Using e-Toll is obligatory for buses as well as all vehicles with maximum permissible weight exceeding 3.5 tons (including the trailer) while driving on the Polish roads (not just the highways). More details can be found on the e-Toll website.[36]
Cross-sections and traffic volumes
A4 in Zabrze: section with 2x3 lanesS5 near Bydgoszcz with 2x2 lanes: the most common highway typeS22 near Kaliningrad Oblast border: a single-carriageway expressway; space reservation for the 2nd carriageway can be seen on the right
The operational sections of highways utilize the following cross-sections:
7% (354 km) – motorways and expressways with 2x3 or (occasionally) 2x4 or 2x5 lanes,
89.5% (4589 km) – motorways and expressways with 2x2 lanes,
3.5% (178 km) – single-carriageway expressways, of which: 109 km with 1+1 lanes, 53 km with 1+1 lanes and dual-carriageway fragments (2x2) around the interchanges, 16 km with interchanging 2+1 lanes.
All single-carriageway expressways are constructed with allocated space for a possible upgrade to dual-carriageway and all bridges above such highways are prepared to accommodate the second carriageway. Most of those sections are planned to be widened to full profile by 2033, the exceptions being S1 (near the Slovak border) and S22 (near the border with Kaliningrad Oblast) where widening is currently not expected.[4]
Annual average daily traffic
Traffic volumes in Poland note rapid increase since the fall of communism in 1989: the annual average daily traffic recorded in 2020 amounts to over 360% of the average traffic recorded in 1990.[37][38] With the increasing traffic, the length of overburdened single-carriageway national roads[39] had also been steadily increasing until reaching the maximum of 1389 km in 2010.[40] Due to the large number of highway sections opened between 2010 and 2020, in that decade the length of overburdened roads has fallen down for the first time in history, from 1389 km in 2010 to 1121 km in 2020.[38]
The latest general measurement was conducted in 2020, although some measurement days were moved to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic which would have caused the results from 2020 to be unreliable.[41] The following highways recorded the highest volumes:[42]
Highest AADT on sections with 5 lanes per direction: 198k.
Highest AADT on sections with 3 lanes per direction: 179k.
S8 in Warsaw serves both the transit and local traffic, and long jams form on it during rush hours.
2
S2: Warsaw southern bypass (partially joint with S7 and S8)
143,000
Data from 2023 – the results from 2020 were not considered reliable because the tunnel section was missing.[43] 3 lanes per direction.
Some decrease in traffic on A4 is expected after Kraków north-eastern bypass (S7/S52) is opened in mid-2026. Widening to 3 lanes per direction is planned in the future (after 2030).
The other highest and lowest recorded AADT values were:
Category
Section
Vehicles / day
Notes
Busiest regular national roads Note: Measurements are not performed on national roads within the borders of major cities
Data from 2023 – the results from 2020 were not considered reliable due to restrictions in crossing the external EU borders during the COVID-19 pandemic.[38][45][46]
The network planned prior to WWIIPre-WWII surface on A6 before the reconstruction (photo from 2009)Pre-WWII surface on the southern carriageway of A18 before the reconstruction (photo from 2012)
The first plans of creation of a national highway network in Poland were conceived in the interwar period:
Plans
The main promoter of this concept was Professor Melchior Wladyslaw Nestorowicz of the Warsaw University of Technology, who organized three Road Congresses, during which a group of specialists discussed the creation of the network. On 5 March 1939, in the trade magazine Drogowiec, Professor Nestorowicz proposed a very ambitious plan for the construction of almost 5,000 kilometres of category I and II roads, based on similar programmes in Germany and Italy.[47] Nestorowicz sketched a map of the future system with the following routes:
First class roads would, according to the plans, consist of the following motorways (totalling some 2,500 km (1,553.4 mi):
In 1934, Nazi Germany started the construction of their motorway system, parts of which today form A18 and A4 to Wrocław (Breslau), as well as A6 (Szczecin bypass) and S22 (parts of the planned motorway to Königsberg). About half of them were constructed as single-carriageway with the intention of adding a second carriageway in later years. However, after 1938, warfare expenses meant little money would be invested into any infrastructure and only one 9 km single-carriageway piece west of Gliwice (now A4) was constructed.
316.9 km (196.9 mi) of which 178.5 km (110.9 mi) single carriageway
Note: Signage of the roads at the time of opening was different.
In Poland, a 28 km stretch between Warlubie and Osiek (now DW214) was constructed in 1937 – 1939 in the motorway standard of the time (today not considered a highway) with a concrete surface, which was designed by Italian engineer Piero Puricelli. The motorway was planned to reach Gdynia, but the outbreak of the Second World War halted the plans.
1945 – 1972
The Potsdam conference defined the borders for communist Poland, which were very different from the pre-1939 ones. It received the so-called Regained Territories from the former Third Reich with the aforementioned motorway sections (some of them with first carriageway only). Most of the motorway bridges were destroyed by the warfare, but only a few were repaired or rebuilt in the first post-war years. The bridge over Ina river was reconstructed in 1972, and those on S22 only between 1996 and 2003.
Apart from the bridges, almost all the motorways were left in the same condition as they were in 1945 until the mid-1990s. The only road left from Nazi times that was completed by the People's Republic of Poland was a one-carriageway small section between Łęczyca and Lisowo (15 km of what is now DW142), which was built on the previous works of Nazis.
Plans
At the post-war year there were very ambitious plans to make a motorway network for the whole Poland. For example, engineer Eugeniusz Buszma has published his propositions to the network in the magazine "Drogowiec" (1946, issue 1):
In total, the mileage, according to the proposal, would total more than 3,300 km (2,050 mi).
After the addition of the sections built by the Third Reich the total network length had to be approx. 3700 km. In 1963 the Motorization Council at the Council of Ministers had presented the similar plan plus the motorways: Warsaw-Kraków-Zakopane, Kraków-Przemyśl, Warsaw-Bydgoszcz-Koszalin, Poznań-Koszalin i Warsaw-Terespol (approx. 1250 km).
Despite announcing such pompous plans, no motorway was opened in the meantime.
In the 1970s
S6 in Gdynia, part of Tricity bypass: the oldest expressway in Poland (1st carriageway opened in 1977).
In 1973 – 1976, "Gierkówka" dual carriageway from Warsaw to Katowice (281 km (175 mi)) was built. Originally planned as a motorway, it was in the end constructed by adding another carriageway to the existing road, hence going through many villages and crossing with local roads. The part from Piotrków Trybunalski to Częstochowa (78 km) was constructed on a new route in a motorway alignment, but nonetheless the majority of the crossings between the highway and the other roads were constructed as one-level intersections with no viaducts or overpasses.
Highway sections opened in the 1970s
Signage
Section
Length
Start of construction
Opening
Piotrków Trybunalski – Częstochowa substandard (multiple at-grade intersections), constructed on motorway alignment, not signed as a highway
78 km (48 mi)
1973
1976
Tri-city bypass (eastern carriageway) substandard (two at-grade intersections, then reconstructed when adding a second carriageway in the 1980s)
57 km (35.4 mi) of which 37.7 km (23.4 mi) single carriageway
In the 1980s
A4 near Zalas, opened in 1983 (photo after renovation in 2000)
Near the end of the 1970s the first construction of motorways started and continued to the next decade. The roads opened in the 1980s were the first motorways and expressways which generally meet the contemporary standards (at least with respect to their more important attributes), although in multiple cases the poor quality of their construction forced major renovations to be performed as soon as within the first 20 years of operation.[48][49]
The major routes planned as motorways were A1, A2 and A4, while other main routes were planned as expressways. The implementation of these plans, however, came at a very slow pace: throughout the 1980s, only an average of 20 km (12 mi) of highways in the whole country were being opened per year.
Highway sections opened in the 1980s average: 20.5 km / year
205.6 km (127.8 mi) of which 55.3 km (34.4 mi) single carriageway
In the 1990s
The highway network in 1990
In the III Republic of Poland, planned S3 was promoted to motorway A3 (the decision was later reversed) and a plan was introduced (also later reversed) of constructing motorway A8 Łódź – Wrocław – Bolków (now S8/A8/S5). Szczecin bypass (A6) and section Olszyna – Krzywa (then named A12, now A4/A18) were promoted to motorways, even though at that time the majority of their lengths was in bad shape, laid with the original concrete surface from the 1930s with no significant works having been performed on any of them throughout the whole communist period.
Highway sections opened in the 1990s average: 15 km / year
151.8 km (94.3 mi) of which 28.8 km (17.9 mi) reconstructed, 48.4 km (30.1 mi) single carriageway
In the 2000s
The highway network in 2000
As of the beginning of 2000, the vast majority of national and international traffic routes were served by regular national roads with at-grade intersections and pedestrian crossings, most of them leading through the centres of cities, towns and villages, and most of them single carriageway. Only the following number of highways was present:
about 275 km (171 mi) of modern dual-carriageway motorways and expressways (3.5% of the network as planned nowadays),
about 90 km (56 mi) of single-carriageway expressways,
about 125 km (78 mi) of not-resurfaced Nazi German motorways from the 1930s,
about 150 km (93 mi) of not-resurfaced Nazi German motorways on sections where only the first carriageway had been constructed.
At the beginning of the 21st century, the tempo of highway construction started to increase. The main focus was on the west-east motorways A4 and A2. In 2002, a long-awaited renovation of the A4 from Krzywa to Wrocław (93 km) has started, which included laying new high quality surface in place of the Nazi German concrete slabs, reconstruction of all the pre-WWII bridges on the motorway and renovation of the viaducts above the motorway.
This is also the period when Poland started introducing motorway tolls, first in 2000 for the A4 section between Mysłowice and Kraków.
Highway sections opened in 2000 – 2003 average: 57 km / year
227.6 km (141.4 mi) of which 9.5 km (5.9 mi) single carriageway
Poland in European Union
A2, Poznań bypass, opened in 2004 (then widened to 2x3 in 2019)The highway network in 2010
1 May 2004 was a crucial day for the history of motorway construction and that is when the length of highway constructions increased the most. One of the major advantages of signing the European Union access document was that Poland could get access to large funds for co-financing the construction of new roads and upgrades of the existing road infrastructure.
These years, the existing scattered pieces of highways began to converge into the basis of the future network:
until 2004, Katowice and Kraków (linked by A4) were the only pair of Poland's largest cities connected by a highway;
A large number of expressway bypasses of towns were also constructed at this time. On many of them, only one carriageway was built, with the allocated space prepared for easy construction of the second carriageway later.
Highway sections opened in 2004 – 2010 average: 151 km / year
1,055.6 km (655.9 mi) of which 276.6 km (171.9 mi) single carriageway, 100.7 km (62.6 mi) reconstructed
2011 – 2015
In the five years from 2011 to 2015, 1563 kilometers of motorways and expressways were opened – about as much as in the whole prior history of highway construction combined. The main focus was on developing connections between Poland's largest cities, especially those serving as host venues of UEFA Euro 2012, as well as on extending A4 towards Ukraine.
Rędziński bridge on A8, Wrocław bypass, opened in 2011S8 in Warsaw, opened in 2015
Length of highways opened in 2011 – 2015
Year
Length
Notes
2011
313 km (194 mi)
2012
639 km (397 mi)
Of which 195 km (121 mi) were opened before Euro 2012 championship
2013
298 km (185 mi)
2014
279 km (173 mi)
2015
34 km (21 mi)
Total
1,563 km (971 mi)
Of which 26 km first carriageway, 23 km second carriageway
The sections opened in 2011 – 2015 belonged to the following highways:
: + 273 km (A1 on the section Gdańsk – Łódź was completed in 2014)
: + 234 km (A2 on the section Germany – Warsaw was completed in 2012)
: + 88 km (S3 on the section Szczecin – A2 – Zielona Góra was completed in 2013, except that its older single-carriageway parts remained so until 2017)
: + 183 km
: + 138 km
: + 365 km (S8 on the section Wrocław – Łódź was completed in 2014)
: + 282 km in total
2016 – 2020
After the peak of investments before Euro 2012, very few new contracts for road construction were signed in 2012 and 2013. This resulted in a small number of sections being opened in 2015 and 2016, a large share of which were the last delayed fragments originally scheduled for a Euro 2012 opening. In particular:
In 2016, the last delayed fragment of between Kraków and Ukraine was opened, making A4 the first major Polish highway completed on its whole length, as well as the first complete border-to-border highway connection.
Also in 2016, the delayed bypass of Łódź was finished, making completed on its whole route except for those sections where national road 1 had already been a dual carriageway (see In the 1970s), allowing for a significantly lower priority of constructing the remaining stretch compared to other highways.
Since 2014, the number of signed contracts has risen again, resulting in the number of road openings having risen again since 2017.
Bridge over Vistula on S7, Kraków eastern bypass, opened in 2017The highway network in 2020
Length of highways opened in 2016 – 2020
Year
Length
Notes
2016
123 km (76 mi)
2017
295 km (183 mi)
2018
318 km (198 mi)
2019
410 km (255 mi)
2020
135 km (84 mi)
Total
1,281 km (796 mi)
Of which 13 km first carriageway, 81 km second carriageway
The sections opened in 2016 – 2020 belonged to the following highways:
: + 173 km
: + 227 km (S5 on the section Poznań – Wrocław was completed in 2019)
: + 128 km (S6 on the section Szczecin – Koszalin was completed in 2019)
: + 213 km
: + 128 km (S8 was completed in 2019 on its originally intended route from Wrocław to Białystok; an extension to Kłodzko was later added to the plans)
: + 97 km (S17 on the section Warsaw – Lublin was completed in 2020)
The high tempo of highway development continued in the 2020s. The main focus was on construction of new highways in the less populated eastern Poland, including the international routes Via Carpatia and Via Baltica.
The tunnel section of S2 in Warsaw, opened in 2021
Length of highways opened, or to be opened, in 2021 – 2025
Year
Length
Notes
2021
375 km (233 mi)
2022
267 km (166 mi)
2023
245 km (152 mi)
2024
113 km (70 mi)
Sections already opened, ongoing constructions expected to be finished in 2024[50]
2025
440 km (273 mi)
Ongoing constructions expected to be finished in 2025[7]
Total
1,435 km (892 mi)
Of which 7 km first carriageway, 111 km second carriageway
The sections opened, or planned to get opened, in 2021 – 2025 belong to the following highways:
: + 104 km (S3 is scheduled to get completed in 2025)
: + 200 km (S6/A6 is scheduled to get completed in 2025 on its original route from Germany to Gdańsk; western bypass of Szczecin will be constructed later as an alternative route)
: + 191 km (S7 on the section Warsaw – Kraków is scheduled to get completed in 2025)
: + 80 km
: + 70 km (reconstruction of the second carriageway of A18 was completed in 2023)
: + 210 km (S19 "Via Carpathia" on the section Lublin – Rzeszów was completed in 2022, except that its older fragment with 2+1 lanes will remain so until 2026)
: + 183 km (S61 "Via Baltica" was opened on the whole length in 2024, the second carriageway is scheduled to get completed in 2025)
: + 210 km in total (S5 was completed in 2022 except its newly planned extensions to Ostróda and Bolków)
Total length of highways by year
Year
Length of motorways and expressways (end of the year)
1936 (then Nazi Germany)
92 km
1937 (then Nazi Germany)
104 km and 38 km first carriageway
1938–1945 (then Nazi Germany)
133 km and 135 km first carriageway (further below not considered as a motorway until addition of the second carriageway)
^Note: it does not include some sections in the preplanning phase which are not officially included in the ordinance.
^ abMajor changes in the network (e.g. opening new fragments of roads, signing all contracts for a planned road section) are accounted continuously, while a general update including all the details is done once per year (last: 15 November 2024). 'In total' length statistic is kept consistent as of the last general update, and might hence not be the exact sum of the current state of the table.
^Some highways can overlap. The table shows data without overlapping sections such that each fragment is counted exactly once, in accordance with how they are attributed in the ministry ordinance,[19] i.e. each common section is attributed to the road with the lower number (in case of two expressways overlapping) or to a motorway (in case of a motorway and an expressway overlapping), except for S12/S17 west of Lublin which is recorded as S17 in the sources.[20]
^First sections opened in 1976 as a dual carriageway road with at-grade intersections and pedestrian crossings (65 km) and 1989 as a short motorway fragment (17 km). In 2019 – 2022, they were reconstructed into a modern motorway.
^Aggregate length for A2: 622.1 km (Completed: 78%, construction commenced: 16%)
^First 48 km opened 1985 – 1988, reconstructed to modern standard in 2003. Eastern half of S2 in Warsaw was opened in 2020 and 2021.
^Aggregate length for S3: 454.9 km (Completed: 85.8%, construction commenced: 14.2%)
^The 1st carriageway on three sections (62 km in total) was opened in 1995 – 2008.
^Aggregate length for S5 including Ostróda and Bolków extensions (added to the plans in 2015/2019): 508 km (Completed: 70.3%)
^The 1st carriageway on three short sections (town bypasses) was opened in 1998 – 2006.
^Aggregate length for S8 including Kłodzko extension (added to plans in 2019): 616 km (Completed: 87.5%)
^ abShort fragments (town bypasses) constructed earlier in the 2000s.
^ abAggregate length for S17: 322.5 km (Completed: 57%, construction commenced: 28.5%)
^The southern carriageway was constructed between 1935 and 1938 by Nazi Germany. The northern carriageway was constructed alongside it between 2004 and 2006, but the road was not marked as a motorway (except for a short fragment with both carriageways reconstructed), as only the west-bound traffic could use the motorway-quality carriageway, while the east-bound traffic kept using the old carriageway with concrete slabs from the 1930s. The southern carriageway was reconstructed to mordern motorway standard between 2020 and 2023 and the whole route was then designated as a motorway.
^In place of a largely destroyed Nazi German motorway (also single-carriageway) from the 1930s.
^ abSections under active construction and sections under a joint Design & Build contract.
Design phase, if it is being conducted as a part of the predesign process rather than as a part of a design-build contract.
Late predesign phase, i.e. after having obtained environmental decision (0–2 years to finish).
In the process of obtaining environmental decision (including if a non-final decision has been issued and is being appealed from).
Early predesign phase aimed to determine the highway's route (Polish: Studium Korytarzowe, STEŚ).
^ abThe national road 6 is currently routed through the Szczecin Southern Bypass (motorway A6) and then through expressway S6. Ultimately, after completion of the Szczecin Western Bypass, this new route will become S6 (it is not clear if A6 then retains its number and there will be two parallel routes with number 6, or if renumbering takes place). Until S6 gets rerouted, the existing route 6 is accounted jointly in the table.
^ abAccording to the ordinance, a fragment of S6 (1st Tricity bypass) is ultimately to become a section of S7 after 2nd Tricity bypass (S6) is constructed. Until the actual relabelling takes place, this fragment is being accounted to S6 and not to S7 in the table.
^Aggregate length for S6 including the alternative routes – 2nd (western) bypass of Szczecin and 2nd (outer) bypass of Gdańsk: 425 km (Completed: 56%, construction commenced: 29.5%)
^The road is planned to be constructed with expressway parameters and dual-carriageway profile at least up to Jabłonka (8 km away from the Slovak border). It is being considered whether the last 8 kilometers would also be constructed with expressway parameters or in a lower standard (with at-grade intersections and/or single-carriageway profile), which might depend on the traffic forecasts and the decisions regarding the planned standard of the cross-border connection to R3 in Slovakia.[25]
^The section from Rabka-Zdrój (current terminus of S7) to the Slovak border is planned to get completed by 2032.[25] From Kraków (A4) to Myślenice (current beginning of S7) the existing dual-carriageway DK7 is gradually geting upgraded with the aim of removing all at-grade intersections and pedestrian crossings by 2030. A separate expressway route would be constructed on this section by 2038, as the last fragment of the currently-planned highway network.[26]
^Aggregate length for S12: 328.6 km (Completed: 27.6%, construction commenced: 14.2%)
^Or later, depending on the status of revocation of the environmental decision.
^Single carriageway expressways which are currently not planned for widening to dual carriageways: 52.2 km of S22, 20.8 km of S1
^Here and in the following figures, construction of 1st or 2nd carriageway is accounted as half-length for consistency of the summed results. Sections constructed by Nazi Germany are accounted for the dates of their reconstruction to modern highways.
^The measurement analysis defines a regular single-carriageway road as overburdened if recorded average annual traffic exceeds 15'000 vehicles per day, see "Archived copy"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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