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Help:IPA/Lao

These charts illustrate International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbols used for pronunciations of the Lao/Isan (Lao script for Nongkhai-Vientiane dialect, a standard Lao in Laos; Thai script for Roi Kaen Sarasin dialect, a standard Isan in Thailand)[citation needed] and Phuan in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA, and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Consonants
IPA Lao Isan Phuan[1] Transliteration[2] English approximation
Syllable-initial consonants
b ບ บ บ b boss
d ດ ฎ, ด ฎ, ด d done
f ຝ, ຟ ฝ, ฟ ฝ, ฟ f food
h ຫ, ຮ ห, ฮ ห, ฮ h head
j ຢ ย, อย, หย ย, อย, หย y yak
k ກ ก ก k scan
kʰ ຂ, ຄ ข, ฃ, ค, ฅ, ฆ ข, ฃ, ค, ฅ, ฆ kh can
l ລ, ຫຼ ล, ฬ, หล ร, หร, ล, ฬ, หล l law
m ມ, ໝ ม, หม ม, หม m much
n ນ, ໜ ณ, น, หน ณ, น, หน n not
ŋ ງ, ຫງ ง, หง ง, หง ng singer
ɲ[3] ຍ, ຫຍ ญ, ย, หย ญ, ย, หย gn, ny, y canyon
p ປ ป ป p span
pʰ ຜ, ພ ผ, พ, ภ ผ, พ, ภ ph pan
r[4] ຣ, ຫຼ, ຫຣ ร, หร ร, หร r trilled r
s ສ, ຊ ซ, ศ, ษ, ส ซ, ศ, ษ, ส x, s sue
t ຕ ฏ, ต ฏ, ต t stable
tʰ ຖ, ທ ฐ, ฑ, ฒ, ถ, ท, ธ ฐ, ฑ, ฒ, ถ, ท, ธ th table
tɕ ຈ จ จ ch jean
tɕʰ[4] — ฉ, ช, ฌ ฉ, ช, ฌ ch cheese
w ວ, ຫວ ว, หว ว, หว v, w way
x[5] ຂ, ຄ ข, ฃ, ค, ฅ, ฆ ข, ฃ, ค, ฅ, ฆ kh loch
ʔ ອ อ อ the catch in uh'-oh
Syllable-final consonants
j ຍ, ຽ ย ย y, i toy
k[6] ກ ก, ข, ค, ฆ ก, ข, ค, ฆ k tractor
m ມ ม ม m dam
n ນ ญ, ณ, น,
ร, ล, ฬ 		ญ, ณ, น,
ร, ล, ฬ 		ne, n pin
ŋ ງ ง ง ng sing
p[6] ບ บ, ป, พ, ฟ, ภ บ, ป, พ, ฟ, ภ p apt
t[6] ດ จ, ช, ซ, ฎ,
ฏ, ฐ, ฑ, ฒ,
ด, ต, ถ, ท,
ธ, ศ ,ษ ,ส 		จ, ช, ซ, ฎ,
ฏ, ฐ, ฑ, ฒ,
ด, ต, ถ, ท,
ธ, ศ ,ษ ,ส 		t catnip
w ວ ว ว w, o down
ʔ[6] ະ ะ, – ะ, – flat (Cockney)
 
Tones[7]
IPA Description
āː Mid [aː˧]
àː Low [aː˨˩] or [aː˩]
âː Falling [aː˦˩] or [aː˥˨]
a᷆ː or ȁː Mid-fall [aː˧˩]
áː High [aː˦˥] or [aː˥]
ǎː Rising [aː˨˩˦] or [aː˨˦]
Vowels
IPA Lao[8] Isan/Phuan Transliteration English approximation
Short monophthongs[9]
a ◌ະ, ◌ັ◌ ◌, ◌ะ, ◌ั◌ a between fat and father (short)
e ເ◌ະ, ເ◌ັ◌ เ◌ะ, เ◌็◌ e mate
ɛ ແ◌ະ, ແ◌ັ◌ แ◌ะ, แ◌็◌ e, ae bet
i ◌ິ, ◌ິ◌ ◌ิ, ◌ิ◌ i happy
o ໂ◌ະ, ◌ົ◌ โ◌ะ, ◌◌ o story
ɔ ເ◌າະ, ◌ັອ◌ เ◌าะ, ◌็อ◌ o off
u ◌ຸ, ◌ຸ◌ ◌ุ, ◌ุ◌ ou, u cool
ɯ ◌ຶ, ◌ຶ◌ ◌ึ, ◌ึ◌ u, ue could (weak sound)
ɤ ເ◌ິ[10], ເ◌ິ◌ เ◌อะ eu, oe the
Long monophthongs
aː ◌າ, ◌າ◌ ◌า, ◌า◌ a bra
eː ເ◌, ເ◌◌ เ◌, เ◌◌ e play
ɛː ແ◌, ແ◌◌ แ◌, แ◌◌ e, ae fairy
iː ◌ີ, ◌ີ◌ ◌ี, ◌ี◌ i green
oː ໂ◌, ໂ◌◌ โ◌, โ◌◌ o go
ɔː ◌ໍ, ◌ອ◌ ◌, ◌อ, ◌อ◌ o dog (long)
uː ◌ູ, ◌ູ◌ ◌ู, ◌ู◌ ou, u cool
ɯː ◌ື, ◌ື◌ ◌ือ, ◌ื◌ u, ue cool, but with the lips unrounded
ɤː ເ◌ີ, ເ◌ີ◌ เ◌อ, เ◌ิ◌ eu, oe fur
Diphthongs
ia ເ◌ຍ, ◌ຽ◌ เ◌ีย, เ◌ีย◌ ia idea
ua ◌ົວ, ◌ວ◌ ◌ัว, ◌ว◌ oua, ua truant elided into a single syllable
ɯa ເ◌ືອ, ເ◌ືອ◌ เ◌ือ, เ◌ือ◌ ua, uea No English equivalent
Vowels + syllable-final /j, w/ and triphthongs
aj ໃ◌, ໄ◌ ◌ัย, ใ◌, ไ◌ ai sight
aw ເ◌ົາ เ◌า ao house
ew ເ◌ວ, ເ◌ັວ เ◌ว, เ◌็ว eo No English equivalent
ɛw ແ◌ວ, ແ◌ັວ แ◌ว, แ◌็ว ew, aeo No English equivalent
iw ◌ິວ ◌ิว iou, io duty
ɔj ◌ອຍ, ◌ັອຍ ◌อย, ◌็อย oy, oi choice (American, Northern England)
uj ◌ຸຍ ◌ุย oui, ui Gruyère
aːj ◌າຍ ◌าย ay, ai mind
aːw ◌າວ ◌าว ao cow
eːw ເ◌ວ เ◌ว eo No English equivalent
ɛːw ແ◌ວ แ◌ว eo, aeo cow (Australian)
oːj ໂ◌ຍ โ◌ย oy, oi boy (RP, Australian, NZ)
ɔːj ◌ອຍ ◌อย oy, oi toy, but longer
uːj ◌ູຍ ◌ูย ouy, ui booyah
ɤːj ເ◌ີຍ เ◌ย euy, oei millefeuille (British)
iaw ◌ຽວ เ◌ียว iao meow
uaj ◌ວຍ ◌วย ouai, uai Uruguay
ɯaj ເ◌ືອຍ เ◌ือย euai, ueai No English equivalent
 
Other Symbols
IPA Description
. Syllable break

Notes

  1. ^ Usually, written in Thai script.
  2. ^ Various of transliteration system sush as BGN/PCGN used in Laos and the Royal Society (Royal Institute) used in Thailand.
  3. ^ Not present in Central and Southern Thai.
  4. ^ a b Only loan word from Central and Southern Thai.
  5. ^ [x] is allophone of /kʰ/ in northern Lao dialect.
  6. ^ a b c d In syllable-final position, /p, t, k, ʔ/ have no audible release: [p̚, t̚, k̚, ʔ̚].
  7. ^ In contrast to Pinyin romanization for Mandarin, Thai romanization uses diacritics in the same way as the IPA.
  8. ^ Diacritics are shown on a dotted circle "◌".
  9. ^ In Isan, Phuan and Lao, the signs ◌ะ and ◌ະ are respectively used to indicate a glottal stop after the vowel.
  10. ^ The vowel "ເ◌ິ" is a modern vowel form.

See also

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