The Haitian Coast Guard, officially the Haitian Coast Guard Commission (French: Commissariat des Gardes-Côtes d’Haïti; abbreviated G-Cd'H), is an operational unit of the Haitian National Police. It is one of the few law enforcement organisations in the world to combine water policing and coast guard duties while remaining as a policing unit. It operates primarily as a law enforcement agency, with secondary responsibilities in search and rescue.
The Haitian Coast Guard had its name changed several times. The Haitian Navy (Marine Haitienne) existed from 1860 until the U.S. occupation in 1915 and then again from 1970 until the U.S. Operation Restore Democracy in 1994. The Coast Guard was established in the late 1930s and was renamed as the Navy in 1970, before being abolished with the rest of the Armed Forces in 1994.[2] In 1997, the Haitian Coast Guard was recreated as a special unit in the Haitian National Police,[3] and since then it has received assistance in the form of training and equipment from the United States Coast Guard and the Canadian Coast Guard.[4]
By the early 1900s Haiti had the largest fleet of any Caribbean country, though its ships were crewed by foreigners and it mostly consisted of outdated gunboats.[2][7] The largest vessel in the Haitian navy was the Italian cruiser Umbria, which was purchased in 1910 but it sank in less than a year because of the crew's inexperience.[8]
The Haitian Coast Guard was formed in the late 1930s, 20 years after the disbandment of the Haitian Navy, and was equipped with two small picket boats named 1 and 2 and the 161-ton Sans Souci. The latter was formerly the American yachtCaptain James Taylor.
During World War II, six 83-foot cutters, named 1 through 6, were transferred from the US Coast Guard in 1942. Three 121-ton SC-class submarine chasers, Touissaint L'Ouverture, 16 Aout 1946, and Amiral Killick, were transferred in 1947, along with the 47-ton cutter Savannah and the light transport Vertières. The two picket boats were withdrawn at this time.
In 1948, a US Naval Mission arrived in Haiti.
The transport Vertières sank in 1951 and was replaced by the Artibonite, a tank landing craft which had been previously wrecked on the Haitian coast and was subsequently salvaged.
The Coast Guard remained this way until the Admiral Killick was stricken in 1954 and was replaced by a US-sourced buoy tender given the same name in 1955. In 1956 a new 100-ton coast cutter, La Crête-à-Pierrot, was acquired from the United States. The two remaining submarine chasers were stricken in 1960 which is when the new Vertières, sister to the La Crête-à-Pierrot, was acquired. The US Navy netlayerUSS Tonawanda, renamed Jean-Jacques Dessalines, arrived in 1960 for a five-year, extended to 17-year lease.
Navy: 1970–1994
On April 21, 1970,[9] three units — La Crête-à-Pierrot, Vertières, and Jean-Jacques Dessalines — mutinied and shelled the Presidential Palace in Port-au-Prince. They were driven off by fighter aircraft and then interred themselves in the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. The US disarmed the vessels and relocated them initially to Puerto Rico and then back to Haiti. Duvalier celebrated this event by renaming the Coast Guard the "Haitian Navy" (La Marine Haitienne).
In 1973, Duvalier attempted to expand this with the purchase of up to 24 small boats, allegedly to include PT boats, but these plans came to naught.
In 1976, the Haitian Navy purchased five small patrol craft from Sewart Seacraft of Berwick, Louisiana. The Dessalines was returned to the United States, while the Admiral Killick, Artibonite and the Savannah and the six 83-foot cutters were stricken.
In 1978, the USS Samoset, a Sotoyomo-classtugboat, was acquired and recommissioned as the Henri Christophe. The planned sale of a sister ship fell through.
The Haitian Navy in the late 1980s and early 1990s included the following ships, along with 165 servicemen:[10][11][12]
Acquired between 1980 and 1981.[11] Four boats removed from service and used for spare parts in 1991–92 (MH 11, 12, 15, 16).[12] All boats no longer operational after 1995.[11]
Acquired in 1976. All removed from service by 1995.[11]
Coast Guard: 1997–present
The remnants of the Haitian Navy were transferred to the Coast Guard,[13] which was active from 1997 as part of the Haitian National Police, the agency that replaced the Armed Forces.[14] Since being reestablished, the Haitian Coast Guard received extensive support from the United States Coast Guard.[4] As of 2004, the U.S. spent $4.6 million on training Haitian personnel, providing them with boats, and restoring the Coast Guard base in Port-au-Prince.[15]
In the year 2000, the Coast Guard had 40 personnel and four Boston Whaler boats that were provided by the United States in 1996. The older ships from the Haitian navy were no longer operational. The Boston Whaler boats underwent a refit in Miami in 1999.[13]
As of 2011 there were 99 coast guardsmen. In 2015 the number of Coast Guard personnel increased to 150,[16] and as of 2019 it was 200.[6]
Structure
The marine police is exercised by a specialized unit of the National Police called the Commissariat des Gardes-Côtes d’Haïti.[1]
Role and mission
The core mission of the Coast Guard is to secure the maritime area of Haiti through surveillance of territorial waters and the safety of maritime navigation divided into these different functions:[17]
Perform active surveillance of the national maritime areas;
Ensuring compliance with laws and regulations regarding fishing and navigation;
Participate in the fight against drug trafficking;
Participate in the fight against all forms of crime.
First two boats received in 2010 as part of a contract for five boats.[17]
Identification
Haitian Coast Guard vessels are marked with a diagonal blue before red slash and before the words Gardes-Côtes. Coast Guard vessels are painted all-white.[17]
Sharpe, Richard (2000). Jane's Fighting Ships 2000-2001. Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Information Group. ISBN0-7106-2018-7.
Sharpe, Richard (1989). Jane's Fighting Ships 1989-90. Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Information Group. ISBN0-7106-0886-1.
Sharpe, Richard (1994). Jane's Fighting Ships 1994-95. Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Information Group. ISBN0-7106-1161-7.
Smigielski, Adam & Jaskula, Andrzej M. (1986). "Haiti". In Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN0-85177-245-5.
Walker, Thomas C. (2004). "The U.S. Navy in the Caribbean 1903-1920". Presence, Prevention, and Persuasion: A Historical Analysis of Military Force and Political Influence. Lanham: Lexington Books. ISBN978-0-7391-0726-3.
Wartko, Daniel (December 1999). High, Leslie (ed.). "U.S. Coast Guard's Peacetime Missions Have Global Reach". U.S. Foreign Policy Agenda. 4 (3). U.S. Department of State.
Further reading
Williamson, Charles T. (1999). The U.S. Naval Mission to Haiti, 1959-1963. ISBN1-55750-941-7.
![Flag[1]](File:Flag_of_Haiti_(1859%E2%80%931964,_3-2).svg)
