HMS Challenger (1931)

History
United Kingdom
Name	HMS Challenger
Builder	Chatham Dockyard
Laid down	1930
Launched	1 June 1931
Commissioned	15 March 1932
Decommissioned	January 1954
Fate	Scrapped
General characteristics
Type	survey ship
Displacement	1,140 tons
Length	220 ft (67 m)
Beam	36 ft (11 m)
Draught	12 ft 6 in (3.81 m)
Speed	12.5 knots (23.2 km/h; 14.4 mph)
Complement	84
Armament	None

HMS Challenger was a survey ship of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy associated with the discovery of Challenger Deep, the deepest point in the oceans. She was laid down in 1930 at Chatham Dockyard and built in a dry dock, before being moved to Portsmouth for completion and commissioning on 15 March 1932.

Service history

Pre-war surveys

Until the outbreak of the Second World War, Challenger surveyed the waters around the United Kingdom, Labrador, the West Indies, and the East Indies. On 23 September 1932, she struck a rock 6 nautical miles (11 km) north of Ford's Harbour, Labrador, in the Dominion of Newfoundland (56°28′30″N 61°10′00″W / 56.47500°N 61.16667°W / 56.47500; -61.16667) and was beached. She was later refloated.^[1]

World War 2 convoys

From 1939 to 1942 she served in home waters and as a convoy escort. On 11 January 1941 she was bombed, suffering at least 4 deaths on board.^[2]^[3] In June and July 1941 she and three Flower-class corvettes escorted the troop ship Anselm from Britain en route for Freetown, Sierra Leone. When the troop ship was torpedoed north of the Azores, Challenger and the corvette HMS Starwort rescued hundreds of survivors and then transferred them to the armed merchant cruiser HMS Cathay.^[4]

Post-war surveys

From 1942 to 1946 Challenger surveyed in the Indian Ocean and the Western Pacific. She returned to Chatham in 1946 for a refit before returning to the Persian Gulf in late 1946. She left the Gulf in 1947 and went to Cyprus where a shore party logged tides. She then proceeded to Gibraltar for another refit in dry dock.

In December 1947 men from Challenger and from the two destroyers Cockade and Contest were landed in Aden in an attempt to restore order following anti-Jewish rioting.^[5]

Circumnavigation

She circumnavigated the world from 1950 to 1953, surveying in the West Indies and the Far East.^[6] It was on this mission in 1951 that Challenger surveyed the Mariana Trench near Guam, identifying the deepest known point in the oceans, 11,033 metres (36,198 ft) deep at its maximum, near 11°21′N 142°12′E / 11.350°N 142.200°E / 11.350; 142.200.^[7]^[8] This point was named Challenger Deep, in recognition of the fact that, as the mission's Chief Scientist Thomas Gaskell explained,

[it] was not more than 50 miles from the spot where the nineteenth-century Challenger found her deepest depth [...] and it may be thought fitting that a ship with the name Challenger should put the seal on the work of that great pioneering expedition of oceanography.^[9]

In January 1954, Challenger returned to Britain, was paid off, and was broken up at Dover.

References

^ "Mishap to British survey ship". The Times. No. 46249. London. 27 September 1932. col B, p. 14.
^ https://wartimememoriesproject.com/ww2/ships/ship.php?pid=2405 ^{[bare URL]}
^ https://naval-history.net/xDKCas1941-01JAN.htm ^{[bare URL]}
^ Helgason, Guðmundur (1995–2013). "Anselm". uboat.net. Guðmundur Helgason. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
^ Thursfield 1948, p. 510
^ "Marine Gazetteer Placedetails - Gaskell Ridge". Marineregions.org.
^ Explore the Mariana Trench
^ Gaskell, Thomas F. (1960). Under The Deep Oceans: Twentieth Century Voyages of Discovery (1 ed.). Eyre & Spottiswood. p. 121.
^ Gaskell, Thomas (1960). Under the Deep Oceans: Twentieth Century Voyages of Discovery. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. pp. 24–25.

Sources

Gaskell, T.F. (18 March 1954). "Seismic Refraction Work by H.M.S. Challenger in the Deep Oceans". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 222 (1150): 356–361. doi:10.1098/rspa.1954.0079.
Gaskell, Thomas Frohock (1960). "Voyages of HMS Challenger II". Under The Deep Oceans: Twentieth Century Voyages of Discovery. New York: Norton.
Ritchie, George Stephen (1958), Challenger the life of a survey ship, New York: Abelard-Schuman, OL 6245841M
Thursfield, H. G., ed. (1948). Brassey's Naval Annual 1948. New York: The Macmillan Company.
Wyatt, A.G.N. (July 1934). "Surveying Cruises of H.M.S.Challenger off the Coast of Labrador in 1932 and 1933". Journal of the Geographical Society. 84 (1): 33–53. doi:10.2307/1786831. JSTOR 1786831.