Gwanggaeto the Great (374–412, r. 391–412)[1] was the nineteenth monarch of Goguryeo. His full posthumous name means "Entombed in Gukgangsang, Broad Expander of Domain,[2] Peacemaker,[3] Supreme King", sometimes abbreviated to Hotaewang.[3] His era name is Yeongnak and he is occasionally recorded as Yeongnak Taewang ("Great King" or "Emperor" Yeongnak). Gwanggaeto's imperial reign title meant that Goguryeo was on equal standing as an empire with the imperial dynasties in China.[2][4][5]
In regard to the Korean Peninsula, Gwanggaeto defeated Baekje, the then most powerful of the Three Kingdoms of Korea,[4] in 396, capturing the capital city of Wiryeseong in present-day Seoul.[15] In 399, Silla, the southeastern kingdom of Korea, sought aid from Goguryeo due to incursions by Baekje troops and their Wa allies from the Japanese archipelago.[5] Gwanggaeto dispatched 50,000 expeditionary troops,[16] crushing his enemies and securing Silla as a de facto protectorate;[5][17] he thus subdued the other Korean kingdoms and achieved a loose unification of the Korean peninsula under Goguryeo.[5][18][19] In his western campaigns, he defeated the Xianbei of the Later Yan empire and conquered the Liaodong peninsula,[4] regaining the ancient domain of Gojoseon.[5][20]
Gwanggaeto's accomplishments are recorded on the Gwanggaeto Stele, erected in 414 at the supposed site of his tomb in Ji'an along the present-day China–North Korea border.[21] Constructed by his son and successor Jangsu, the monument to Gwanggaeto the Great is the largest engraved stele in the world.[22][23][unreliable source?]
At the time of Gwanggaeto's birth, Goguryeo was not as powerful as it once had been. In 371, three years prior to Gwanggaeto's birth, the rival Korean kingdom of Baekje, under the great leadership of Geunchogo, soundly defeated Goguryeo, slaying the monarch Gogukwon and sacking Pyongyang.[24][25] Baekje became one of the dominant powers in East Asia. Baekje's influence was not limited to the Korean peninsula, but extended across the sea to Liaoxi and Shandong in China, taking advantage of the weakened state of Former Qin, and Kyushu in the Japanese archipelago.[26] Goguryeo was inclined to avoid conflicts with its ominous neighbor,[27] while cultivating constructive relations with the Former Qin,[28] the Xianbei, and the Rouran, in order to defend itself from future invasions and to bide time to reshape its legal structure and to initiate military reforms.[29]
Gogukwon's successor, Sosurim, adopted a foreign policy of appeasement and reconciliation with Baekje,[27] and concentrated on domestic policies to spread Buddhism throughout Goguryeo's social and political systems.[30]
Furthermore, due to the defeats that Goguryeo had suffered at the hands of Baekje as well as the proto-Mongol Xianbei, Sosurim instituted military reforms aimed at preventing such defeats in the future.[29] Sosurim's internal arrangements laid the groundwork for Gwanggaeto's expansion.[2]
Gwanggaeto succeeded his father, Gogukyang, upon Gogukyang's death in 391. Upon Gwanggaeto's coronation, Gwanggaeto adopted the era name Yeongnak (Eternal Rejoicing) and the title Taewang (Supreme King), which was equivalent to "emperor",[33] affirming that he was an equal to the Imperial rulers of China.[2][4][5]
In 392, Gwanggaeto led an attack on Baekje with 40,000 troops, capturing 10 walled cities.[34] In response, Asin, the monarch of Baekje, launched a counterattack on Goguryeo in 393 but was defeated.[34] Despite the ongoing war, during 393, Gwanggaeto established 9 Buddhist temples in Pyongyang.[35][36] Asin invaded Goguryeo once more in 394, but was defeated again.[34] After suffering multiple defeats against Goguryeo, Baekje's political stability began to crumble.[19] In 395, Baekje was defeated once more by Goguryeo and was pushed south to its capital of Wiryeseong on the Han River.[34][37] In the following year, in 396, Gwanggaeto led an assault on Wiryeseong by land and sea, using the Han River, and triumphed over Baekje.[34] Gwanggaeto captured the Baekje capital and the defeated Asin submitted to him,[5][38] surrendering a prince and 10 government ministers.[34][39]
Goguryeo at zenith under Gwanggaeto and Jangsu.
Northern conquests
In 395, while his campaign against Baekje was ongoing to the south, Gwanggaeto made an excursion to invade the Khitan Baili clan to the west on the Liao River,[40] destroying 3 tribes and 600 to 700 camps.[41] In 398, Gwanggaeto conquered the Sushen people to the northeast,[5] who were Tungusic ancestors of the Jurchens and Manchus.[42]
In 400, while Gwanggaeto was occupied with Baekje, Gaya, and Wa troops in Silla, the Xianbei state of Later Yan, founded by the Murong clan in present-day Liaoning, attacked Goguryeo.[43] Gwanggaeto repulsed the Xianbei troops.[20][44] In 402, Gwanggaeto retaliated and conquered the prominent fortress called 宿軍城 near the capital of Later Yan.[43][45] In 405 and again in 406, Later Yan troops attacked Goguryeo fortresses in Liaodong (遼東城 in 405, and 木底城 in 406), but were defeated both times.[43] Gwanggaeto conquered all of Liaodong.[2][5] By conquering Liaodong, Gwanggaeto recovered the ancient domain of Gojoseon;[5][20] Goguryeo controlled Liaodong until the mid-late 7th century.
In 407, Gwanggaeto dispatched 50,000 troops consisting of infantry and cavalry and won a great victory, completely annihilating the enemy troops and pillaging about 10,000 armors and countless war supplies; the opponent can be interpreted as Later Yan, Baekje, or Wa.[43][46]
In 400, Silla, another Korean kingdom in the southeast of the Korean peninsula, requested aid from Goguryeo in repelling an allied invasion by Baekje, Gaya, and Wa. Gwanggaeto dispatched 50,000 troops and annihilated the enemy coalition.[5] Thereupon, Gwanggaeto influenced Silla as a suzerain,[17] and Gaya declined and never recovered. In 402, Gwanggaeto returned Prince Silseong,[47] who had resided in Goguryeo as a political hostage since 392, back home to Silla and appointed him as the king of Silla.
Gwanggaeto died of an unknown illness in 412 at the age of 38. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Jangsu, who ruled Goguryeo for 79 years until the age of 97,[2] the longest reign in East Asian history.[50]
Gwanggaeto's conquests are said to mark the zenith of Korean history, building and consolidating a great empire in Northeast Asia and uniting the Three Kingdoms of Korea under his influence.[5][19] Gwanggaeto conquered 64 walled cities and 1,400 villages.[2][5] Except for the period of 200 years beginning with Jangsu, who would build upon his father's domain, and the golden age of Balhae, Korea never before or since ruled such a vast territory. There is archaeological evidence that Goguryeo's maximum extent lay even further west in present-day Mongolia, based on discoveries of Goguryeo fortress ruins in Mongolia.[51][52][53] Gwanggaeto established his own era name, Yeongnak Eternal Rejoicing, proclaiming Goguryeo monarchs equal to their counterparts in the Chinese mainland.[2][4][5]
Gwanggaeto the Great is one of two rulers of Korea whose names are appended with the title "the Great", with the other being Sejong the Great of Joseon, who created Hangul the Korean alphabet, to promote literacy among the common people,[54] and made great advances in science.[55][56]
Gwanggaeto is regarded by Koreans as one of the greatest heroes in Korean history, and is often taken as a potent symbol of Korean nationalism.
The Gwanggaeto Stele, a 6.39 meter tall monument erected by Jangsu in 414, was rediscovered in the late 19th century.[21] The stele was inscribed with information about Gwanggaeto's reign and achievements, but not all the characters and passages have been preserved. Korean and Japanese scholars disagree on the interpretation in regard to passages on the Wa.
Portrayed by Lee Do-yeob in the 2017 KBS1 docudrama Chronicles of Korea.
Literature
Many novels, comics, and games about Gwanggaeto the Great have been released in South Korea.[60][61][62]
Games
The popular[63] and award-winning[64] Korean mobile game Hero for Kakao features Gwanggaeto as a playable character.[65]
Age of Empires: World Domination, a mobile game produced in collaboration with series owner Microsoft,[66] includes Gwanggaeto as a selectable hero of the Korean civilization.[67]
Others
The International Taekwon-Do Federation created a pattern, or teul, to honor Gwanggaeto the Great. The pattern's diagram represents Gwanggaeto's territorial expansion and recovery of lost territories, and the 39 movements represent the first two numbers of 391 AD, the year when Gwanggaeto came to the throne.[68]
^Yi, Hyŏn-hŭi; Pak, Sŏng-su; Yun, Nae-hyŏn (2005). New history of Korea. Jimoondang. p. 201. ISBN9788988095850. Retrieved 29 July 2016. He launched a military expedition to expand his territory, opening the golden age of Goguryeo.
^Embree, Ainslie Thomas (1988). Encyclopedia of Asian history. Scribner. p. 324. ISBN9780684188997. Retrieved 29 July 2016. Nevertheless, the reigns of Kwanggaet'o and his successor Changsu (413-491) constituted the golden age of Koguryo.
^ abInjae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (15 December 2014). Korean History in Maps. Cambridge University Press. p. 49. ISBN9781107098466. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
^"Goguryeo's Worldview and Three Kingdoms". Korea Now. 33: 32. 1 January 2004. Retrieved 31 December 2016. They called their king "taewang" ("the greatest king"). Taewang was a title equivalent to "emperor" and referred to the ruler of the entire world of Goguryeo. In short, the practice of calling their king "taewang" was based on Goguryeo's independent worldview.
^Walker, Hugh Dyson (November 2012). East Asia: A New History. AuthorHouse. p. 137. ISBN9781477265161. Retrieved 29 July 2016. He also conquered Sushen tribes in the northeast, Tungusic ancestors of the Jurcid and Manchus who later ruled Chinese "barbarian conquest dynasties" during the twelfth and seventeenth centuries.
