Gugyeol

Gugyeol
Hangul
구결 / 입겿
Hanja
口訣 / 입겿
Revised RomanizationGugyeol / Ipgyeot
McCune–ReischauerKugyŏl / Ipkyŏt
Korean writing systems
Hangul
Hanja
Mixed script
Braille
Transcription
Transliteration
Chinese characters
Chinese characters
Evolution of script styles
Properties and classification
Collation and standards
Reforms
Homographs and readings
Variants
Derived systems

Gugyeol, or kwukyel, is a system for rendering texts written in Classical Chinese into understandable Korean. It was used chiefly during the Joseon dynasty, when readings of the Chinese classics were of paramount social importance. Thus, in gugyeol, the original text in Classical Chinese was not modified, and the additional markers were simply inserted between phrases.

The parts of the Chinese sentence would then be read in Korean out of sequence to approximate Korean (SOV) rather than Chinese (SVO) word order. A similar system for reading Classical Chinese is still used in Japan and is known as kanbun kundoku.

Gugyeol is derived from the cursive and simplified style of Chinese characters.

Etymology

The term gugyeol (Hanja: 口訣) can be rendered as "phrase parting" and may refer to the separation of one Chinese phrase from another. This name is itself believed to originate from the use of hanja characters to represent the Middle Korean phrase ipgyeot (입겿), with a similar meaning. Gugyeol is also sometimes referred to as to (토; 吐), or hyeonto (현토; 懸吐), since to is also used to refer to the morphological affixes themselves or as seogui (석의; 釋義), which can be rendered as "interpretation of the classics."

History

Gugyeol is first attested from the 11th century in the early Goryeo dynasty, but evidence indicates it likely dates back to the 7th century or earlier.[1] In this period, certain hanja characters were used (along with specialized symbols) to represent Korean sounds through their meaning. For example, the syllable '잇' (is) was represented with the hanja character 有 since that character has the Korean meaning '있다.' This technique came to be replaced in the late Goryeo period with using hanja characters according to their sound. The later version of the gugyeol system was formalized by Chŏng Mong-ju and Kwŏn Kŭn around 1400 in the early Joseon Dynasty, at the behest of King Taejong. Many Confucian classics, including the Classic of Poetry, were rendered into gugyeol at the time.

The term gugyeol is often extended beyond this early system to similar uses of hangul following the introduction of the Hunminjeongeum in the 15th century. In this respect, gugyeol remains in occasional use in contemporary South Korea, where such techniques are still sometimes used to render the Confucian classics into readable form.

Gugyeol should be distinguished from the idu and hyangchal systems, which preceded it. Gugyeol used specialized markings, together with a subset of hanja, to represent Korean morphological markers as an aid for Korean readers to understand the grammar of Chinese texts. Also, the idu and the hyangchal systems appear to have been used primarily to render Korean into hanja; on the other hand, gugyeol sought to render Chinese texts into Korean with a minimum of distortion.

Table of Gugyeol

See also

References

  1. ^ Vovin, Alexander (2010). "Is Japanese Katakana Derived from Korean Kwukyel?". In Lee, Sang-Oak (ed.). Contemporary Korean Linguistics: International Perspectives. Thaehaksa Publishing. ISBN 978-89-5966-389-7.

Further reading

  • Kim Mu-rim (김무림) (2004). 국어의 역사 [History of the Korean language]. Seoul: Hankook Munhwasa. ISBN 89-5726-185-0.
  • Kwon Jae-seon (권재선) (1989). 간추린 국어학 발전사 [An abridged history of Korean language studies]. Seoul: Ugoltap.

Read other articles:

Irawan Soejono

Irawan Soejono adalah seorang mahasiswa Indonesia yang diakui oleh Belanda sebagai pahlawan negara tersebut karena perjuangannya melawan Nazi Jerman selama masa pendudukan Nazi Jerman di Belanda (1940-1945). Sebelum Perang Dunia II, Irawan Soejono adalah anggota Perhimpunan Indonesia di Belanda. Ayahnya adalah Raden Adipati Ario Soejono, orang Hindia Belanda (sekarang Indonesia) pertama yang menjabat sebagai menteri dalam Kabinet Belanda (3 September 1940 - 24 Juni 1945) pimpinan Perdana Ment...

 

Agus Andrianto

Agus Andrianto Wakil Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik IndonesiaPetahanaMulai menjabat 24 Juni 2023PresidenJoko WidodoKapolriListyo Sigit Prabowo PendahuluGatot Eddy PramonoPenggantiPetahanaKepala Badan Reserse Kriminal Polri ke-22Masa jabatan18 Februari 2021 – 24 Juni 2023 PendahuluListyo Sigit PrabowoPenggantiWahyu WidadaKepala Badan Pemelihara Keamanan PolriMasa jabatan6 Desember 2019 – 18 Februari 2021 PendahuluFirli BahuriPenggantiArief SulistyantoKepala Kep...

 

Pelabuhan Indonesia I

PT Pelabuhan Indonesia I (Persero)JenisBUMN / Perseroan TerbatasIndustriJasa kepelabuhanNasibDigabung ke dalam Pelindo IIDidirikan1 Desember 1992Ditutup1 Oktober 2021KantorpusatMedan, Sumatera Utara, IndonesiaWilayah operasiTerminal Peti Kemas BelawanPelabuhan BelawanPelabuhan SibolgaPelabuhan GunungsitoliPelabuhan Kuala TanjungPelabuhan Tanjung Balai AsahanPelabuhan MalahayatiPelabuhan LhokseumawePelabuhan DumaiPelabuhan PerawangPelabuhan TembilahanPelabuhan Sei PakningPelabuhan Tanjung Bala...

دوري المحترفين العماني 2021–22

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (أكتوبر 2023) دوري المحترفين العماني 2021–22 تفاصيل الموسم الدوري العماني  البطل نادي السيب (اللقب الثاني) الهابطون مس...

 

ロバート・デ・ニーロ

ロバート・デ・ニーロRobert De Niro 2011年のデ・ニーロ生年月日 (1943-08-17) 1943年8月17日（80歳）出生地 アメリカ合衆国・ニューヨーク州ニューヨーク市身長 177 cm職業 俳優、映画監督、映画プロデューサージャンル 映画、テレビドラマ活動期間 1963年 -配偶者 ダイアン・アボット（1976年 - 1988年）グレイス・ハイタワー（1997年 - ）主な作品 『ミーン・ストリート』（1973年）...

 

Neocatastrophism

For the idea that Earth has been affected in the past by short-lived, violent worldwide events, see Catastrophism. Hypothesis for lack of detected aliens Gamma-ray bursts might have regulated the advent of intelligent life Neocatastrophism is the hypothesis that life-exterminating events such as gamma-ray bursts have acted as a galactic regulation mechanism in the Milky Way upon the emergence of complex life in its habitable zone.[1][2][3] It is one of several proposed...

Ruhollah Khomeini

Artikel ini bukan mengenai Ali Khamenei. Ayatollah SayyidRuhollah Musavi KhomeiniRuhollah Khomeini Tahun 1981 Pemimpin Agung Republik Islam Iran ke-1Masa jabatan3 Desember 1979 – 3 Juni 1989PresidenAbolhassan BanisadrMohammad Ali RajaiAli KhameneiPerdana MenteriMohammad Ali RajaiMohammad-Javad BahonarMohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani (sementara)Mir-Hossein MousaviPendahulu(Tidak ada; jabatan pertama)PenggantiAli Khamenei Informasi pribadiLahir(1902-09-24)24 September 1902 Khomein, Provins...

 

Conquest of New France

British military conquest of New France Conquest of New FrancePart of the Seven Years' WarDepiction of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759, a decisive British victory that led to the British occupation of Quebec City, visible at centreDateJune 1758 – September 1763LocationNew FranceResult British victory New France absorbed into the British EmpireBelligerents  Kingdom of Great Britain  Thirteen Colonies Iroquois Confederacy  Kingdom of France Colony of CanadaCommander...

 

Casper Pedersen

Danish cyclist (born 1996) Not to be confused with Kasper Pedersen. Casper PedersenPedersen at the 2015 UEC European Track ChampionshipsPersonal informationFull nameCasper Philip PedersenBorn (1996-03-15) 15 March 1996 (age 28)Copenhagen, DenmarkHeight1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)Weight74 kg (163 lb)Team informationCurrent teamSoudal–Quick-StepDisciplinesRoadTrackRoleRiderProfessional teams2015–2016Riwal Platform2017Team Giant–Castelli2018Aqua Blue Sport[...

Yngwie Malmsteen

Swedish guitarist (born 1963) Yngwie MalmsteenMalmsteen in 2008Background informationBirth nameLars Johan Yngve LannerbäckAlso known asLars Y. LoudampBorn (1963-06-30) 30 June 1963 (age 60)Hässelby-Vällingby, SwedenGenres Heavy metal neoclassical metal hard rock Occupation(s) Musician bandleader producer Instrument(s)GuitarYears active1978–presentLabels Polydor PolyGram Elektra Universal Mascot Member of Generation Axe Formerly of Steeler Alcatrazz Hear 'n Aid G3 Websiteyngwiemalmst...

 

Elias Avery Lowe

Lithuanian-American paleographer (1879–1969) Elias Avery LoweBornElias Avery Loew(1879-10-15)15 October 1879Moscow, RussiaDied8 August 1969(1969-08-08) (aged 89)Bad Nauheim, GermanyNationalityAmerican, RussianSpouseH. T. Lowe-PorterChildren3RelativesCharlotte Johnson Wahl (granddaughter)James Fawcett (son in-law)Edmund Fawcett (grandson)Boris, Rachel & Jo Johnson (great grandchildren)Academic backgroundEducationCity College of New YorkCornell UniversityUniversity of HalleUniversity...

 

Reorganization plan of United States Army

United States Army modernization and reorganization plan from 2006 to 2016 Graphic legend of Army Transformation[a] The reorganization plan of the United States Army was implemented from 2006 to 2016 under the direction of the Brigade Modernization Command. This effort formally began in 2006 when General Peter Schoomaker (the 35th Army Chief of Staff) was given the support to move the Army from its Cold War divisional orientation to a full-spectrum capability with fully manned, equipp...

Christianity in Medieval Scotland

History of Christianityin the British Isles General Anglican Communion Catholic Church in England and Wales Calendar of saints(Church of England) Religion in Ireland Religion in Scotland Celtic Christianity Religion in Wales Early Christianity in Roman Britain Legend of Christ in Britain Medieval Early Christian Ireland 400–800 Christianity in Medieval Scotland Anglo-Saxon Christianity Celtic Rite Hiberno-Scottish mission Early Modern Dissolution of the monasteries Welsh Bible Scottish Ref...

 

Richard Trevithick

British inventor and mining engineer (1771–1833) Richard TrevithickPortrait by John Linnell, 1816 (Science Museum, London)Born(1771-04-13)13 April 1771Tregajorran, Cornwall, EnglandDied22 April 1833(1833-04-22) (aged 62)Dartford, Kent, EnglandKnown forSteam locomotivesScientific careerFieldsInventormining engineer Richard Trevithick (13 April 1771 – 22 April 1833) was a British inventor and mining engineer. The son of a mining captain, and born in the mining heartland of Cornwal...

 

غزوة مؤتة

غزوة مؤتة جزء من الحروب الإسلامية البيزنطية وغزوات الرسول محمد بقايا لآثار بُنيت على الأرض التي حدثت عليها غزوة مؤتة معلومات عامة التاريخ جمادى الأولى 8 هـ (أغسطس/سبتمبر 629 م) الموقع مؤتة،  الأردن حاليا31°02′00″N 35°41′00″E / 31.033333°N 35.683333°E / 31.033333; 35.683333 النتيجة ان...

هجوم كونمينغ

هجوم كونمينغ المعلومات البلد الصين  الموقع كونمينغ، يونان الإحداثيات 25°01′03″N 102°43′15″E / 25.0175°N 102.72083333333°E / 25.0175; 102.72083333333   التاريخ 1 مارس 2014 الأسلحة سكين  الخسائر الوفيات 33 الإصابات 143 المنفذون 10 تعديل مصدري - تعديل   عنتنزاع تركستان الشرقية أورومتشي (...

 

Lionel Messi

Argentine footballer (born 1987) Messi redirects here. For other uses, see Messi (disambiguation). Lionel Messi Messi with Argentina at the 2022 FIFA World CupPersonal informationFull name Lionel Andrés Messi[1]Date of birth (1987-06-24) 24 June 1987 (age 37)[1]Place of birth Rosario, ArgentinaHeight 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)[1]Position(s) ForwardTeam informationCurrent team Inter MiamiNumber 10Youth career1992–1995 Grandoli1995–2000 Newell's Old Boys...

 

Constance of Austria

Queen consort of Poland (1588–1631) Not to be confused with Constance of Babenberg. Constance of AustriaPortrait c. 1603 by Frans Pourbus the YoungerQueen consort of PolandGrand Duchess consort of LithuaniaTenure1605–1631Coronation11 December 1605Born24 December 1588Graz, Duchy of Styria, Holy Roman EmpireDied10 July 1631(1631-07-10) (aged 42)Warsaw, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthBurialWawel Castle, Kraków, PolandSpouseSigismund III VasaIssueamong oth...

Katyusha (song)

For a Japanese song, see Katyusha's Song. Soviet folk-based song and military march KatyushaSongLanguageRussianWritten1938Published1938GenreRussian romanceSongwriter(s)Mikhail IsakovskyComposer(s)Matvey Blanter A BM-13 Katyusha Multiple Rocket Launcher in Armenia Katyusha (Russian: Катюша [kɐˈtʲuʂə] ⓘ – a diminutive form of Екатерина, Yekaterina — Katherine) is a Soviet-era folk-based song and military march composed by Matvey Blanter in 1938, with lyrics in ...

 

Nycticebus kayan

Species of primate This page is about a species that was once known as the Bornean slow loris. For the present-day Bornean slow loris, see Nycticebus borneanus. For other slow lorises of Borneo, see Bornean slow loris (disambiguation). Kayan River slow loris[1] Conservation status CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Suborder: Strepsirrhini Family: Lorisidae Genus: Nyctic...