In computer programming, glob (/ɡlɒb/) patterns specify sets of filenames with wildcard characters. For example, the Unix Bash shell command mv *.txt textfiles/ moves all files with names ending in .txt from the current directory to the directory textfiles. Here, * is a wildcard and *.txt is a glob pattern. The wildcard * stands for "any string of any length including empty, but excluding the path separator characters (/ in unix and \ in windows)".
mv *.txt textfiles/
.txt
textfiles
*
*.txt
/
\
The other common wildcard is the question mark (?), which stands for one character. For example, mv ?.txt shorttextfiles/ will move all files named with a single character followed by .txt from the current directory to directory shorttextfiles, while ??.txt would match all files whose name consists of 2 characters followed by .txt.
?
mv ?.txt shorttextfiles/
shorttextfiles
??.txt
In addition to matching filenames, globs are also used widely for matching arbitrary strings (wildcard matching). In this capacity a common interface is fnmatch.
fnmatch
glob
dmr
The glob command, short for global, originates in the earliest versions of Bell Labs' Unix.[1] The command interpreters of the early versions of Unix (1st through 6th Editions, 1969–1975) relied on a separate program to expand wildcard characters in unquoted arguments to a command: /etc/glob. That program performed the expansion and supplied the expanded list of file paths to the command for execution.
Glob was originally written in the B programming language. It was the first piece of mainline Unix software to be developed in a high-level programming language.[2] Later, this functionality was provided as a C library function, glob(), used by programs such as the shell. It is usually defined based on a function named fnmatch(), which tests for whether a string matches a given pattern - the program using this function can then iterate through a series of strings (usually filenames) to determine which ones match. Both functions are a part of POSIX: the functions defined in POSIX.1 since 2001, and the syntax defined in POSIX.2.[3][4] The idea of defining a separate match function started with wildmat (wildcard match), a simple library to match strings against Bourne Shell globs.
glob()
fnmatch()
Traditionally, globs do not match hidden files in the form of Unix dotfiles; to match them the pattern must explicitly start with .. For example, * matches all visible files while .* matches all hidden files.
.
.*
The most common wildcards are *, ?, and […].
[…]
Law*
Law
Laws
Lawyer
GrokLaw
La
aw
*Law*
?at
Cat
cat
Bat
bat
at
[abc]
[CB]at
CBat
[a-z]
Letter[0-9]
Letter0
Letter1
Letter2
Letter9
Letters
Letter
Letter10
Normally, the path separator character (/ on Linux/Unix, MacOS, etc. or \ on Windows) will never be matched. Some shells, such as Bash have functionality allowing users to circumvent this.[5]
On Unix-like systems *, ? is defined as above while […] has two additional meanings:[6][7]
[!abc]
[!C]at
[!a-z]
Letter[!3-5]
Letter6
Letterx
Letter3
Letter4
Letter5
Letterxx
The ranges are also allowed to include pre-defined character classes, equivalence classes for accented characters, and collation symbols for hard-to-type characters. They are defined to match up with the brackets in POSIX regular expressions.[6][7]
Unix globbing is handled by the shell per POSIX tradition. Globbing is provided on filenames at the command line and in shell scripts.[8] The POSIX-mandated case statement in shells provides pattern-matching using glob patterns.
case
Some shells (such as the C shell and Bash) support additional syntax known as alternation or brace expansion. Because it is not part of the glob syntax, it is not provided in case. It is only expanded on the command line before globbing.
The Bash shell also supports the following extensions:[9]
extglob
**
dir
The original DOS was a clone of CP/M designed to work on Intel's 8088 and 8086 processors. Windows shells, following DOS, do not traditionally perform any glob expansion in arguments passed to external programs. Shells may use an expansion for their own builtin commands:
Windows and DOS programs receive a long command-line string instead of argv-style parameters, and it is their responsibility to perform any splitting, quoting, or glob expansion. There is technically no fixed way of describing wildcards in programs since they are free to do what they wish. Two common glob expanders include:[12]
__getmainargs
dcrt0.cc
Most other parts of Windows, including the Indexing Service, use the MS-DOS style of wildcards found in CMD. A relic of the 8.3 filename age, this syntax pays special attention to dots in the pattern and the text (filename). Internally this is done using three extra wildcard characters, <>". On the Windows API end, the glob() equivalent is FindFirstFile, and fnmatch() corresponds to its underlying RtlIsNameInExpression.[14] (Another fnmatch analogue is PathMatchSpec.) Both open-source msvcrt expanders use FindFirstFile, so 8.3 filename quirks will also apply in them.
<>"
The SQL LIKE operator has an equivalent to ? and * but not […].
LIKE
_
%
Standard SQL uses a glob-like syntax for simple string matching in its LIKE operator, although the term "glob" is not generally used in the SQL community. The percent sign (%) matches zero or more characters and the underscore (_) matches exactly one.
Many implementations of SQL have extended the LIKE operator to allow a richer pattern-matching language, incorporating character ranges ([…]), their negation, and elements of regular expressions.[15]
Globs do not include syntax for the Kleene star which allows multiple repetitions of the preceding part of the expression; thus they are not considered regular expressions, which can describe the full set of regular languages over any given finite alphabet.[16]
Globs attempt to match the entire string (for example, S*.DOC matches S.DOC and SA.DOC, but not POST.DOC or SURREY.DOCKS), whereas, depending on implementation details, regular expressions may match a substring.
S*.DOC
The original Mozilla proxy auto-config implementation, which provides a glob-matching function on strings, uses a replace-as-RegExp implementation as above. The bracket syntax happens to be covered by regex in such an example.
Python's fnmatch uses a more elaborate procedure to transform the pattern into a regular expression.[17]
Beyond their uses in shells, globs patterns also find use in a variety of programming languages, mainly to process human input. A glob-style interface for returning files or an fnmatch-style interface for matching strings are found in the following programming languages:
Glob
DotNet.Glob
globMatch
std.path
minimatch
micromatch
filepath
Files
System.FilePath.Glob
<*.log>
Dir
FileList
FileList.[]
GLOB
fnmatch(3)
glob(3)
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