Geology of Antigua and Barbuda

Geologic Map Antigua Barbuda

The geology of Antigua and Barbuda is part of the Lesser Antilles volcanic island arc. Both islands are the above water limestone "caps" of now inactive volcanoes. The two islands are the surface features of the undersea Barbuda Bank and have karst limestone landscapes.[1] Barbuda is primarily flat and formed from coral reefs. The Middle Miocene Highlands Formation has limestones which are the oldest rocks on the island, rising 120 feet above sea level. The Beazer Formation and the Codrington Formation are both from the Pleistocene and include reef and lagoon related rocks.[2]

The geologic record of Antigua indicates a transition from island arc volcanism to limestone deposition in the Late Oligocene. Hence the island is characterized by a Basal Volcanic Suite (BVS) on the mountainous southwest, a Central Plain Group (CPG) extending from St. Johns to the southeast, and the Antigua Formation on the northeast portion of the island in the direction of regional dip. The CPG consists of siliciclastic and limestone, marine and non-marine sedimentary rocks, containing petrified wood and gastropods within chert. The Antigua Formation includes benthic foraminifers and molluscs, scleractinian corals, echinoids, crabs, bryozoans, crinoid columns and sponges. The limestone Devil's Bridge, is an example of this formation.[3]

On Antigua, the south of the island is mainly calc-alkaline volcanic rock such as dacite and quartz basalt or andesite, along with limestone lenses, agglomerate and tuff formed during the Oligocene.[4] Generally andesite dominated volcanism across the island gave way to limestone and chert formation.[5]

Between 200 and 500 CE, native peoples on Antigua were active in lapidary, working local diorite, shells and carnelian as well as imported nephrite, amethyst, turquoise and serpentinite.[6]

References

  1. ^ Riva Berleant (2016-01-12). "Antigua and Barbuda" (PDF). Retrieved 2018-11-09.
  2. ^ Brasier, M. D.; Mather, J. D. (1975). "The stratigraphy of Barbuda, West Indies | Geological Magazine | Cambridge Core". Geological Magazine. 112 (3): 271. doi:10.1017/S0016756800047026. S2CID 130933554.
  3. ^ Donovan, Stephen (6 July 2017). "The geology of islands". depositsmag.com. Deposits Magazine. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  4. ^ Hess, Harry Hammond; Shagam, Reginald (1973-01-01). Studies in Earth and Space Sciences: A Memoir in Honor of Harry Hammond Hess. Geological Society of America. ISBN 9780813711324.
  5. ^ Donovan, Stephen K.; Jackson, Trevor A.; Harper, David A.T.; Portell, Roger W.; Renema, Willem (2014). "The Upper Oligocene of Antigua: the volcanic to limestone transition in a limestone Caribbee". Geology Today. 30 (4): 151–158. Bibcode:2014GeolT..30..151D. doi:10.1111/gto.12061. S2CID 140649360.
  6. ^ https://www.gia.edu/doc/Pre-Columbian-Gems-and-Ornamental-Materials-from-Antigua-West-Indies.pdf [bare URL PDF]

Read other articles:

Jodi Widjanarko Wakil Komandan Pusat Kesenjataan InfanteriMasa jabatan27 April 2023 – 17 Juli 2023 PendahuluAsep Setia GunawanPenggantiToto NurwantoPa Sahli Tk. III Kasad Bidang Intekmil dan SiberMasa jabatan16 Januari 2023 – 27 April 2023 PendahuluSapriadiPenggantiLegowo W.R. JatmikoKepala Staf Komando Daerah Militer III/SiliwangiMasa jabatan27 Juni 2022 – 16 Januari 2023 PendahuluAsep SyaripudinPenggantiAgus SaepulKomandan Komando Resor Militer 084/Bhaskara ...

 

 

1992 studio album by the WallflowersThe WallflowersStudio album by the WallflowersReleasedAugust 25, 1992Recorded1991–1992GenreAlternative rockroots rock[1]Length69:29LabelVirginProducerPaul Fox, Andrew Slater, The WallflowersThe Wallflowers chronology The Wallflowers(1992) Bringing Down the Horse(1996) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[2]Calgary HeraldB+[3]Christgau's Consumer Guide[4]The New Rolling Stone Album Guide[5]R...

 

 

Список памятников, расположенных на территории города Рыбинска Ярославской области России. Фото Год установки Название Авторы Описание Местоположение 1953 год Монумент «Мать-Волга» Скульпторы: С. Шапошников В. Малашкина Архитектор Н. Донских Один из крупнейших памятнико...

العلاقات الهندية الزامبية الهند زامبيا   الهند   زامبيا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الهندية الزامبية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين الهند وزامبيا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة الهند زام...

 

 

العلاقات الألمانية السودانية ألمانيا السودان   ألمانيا   السودان تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الألمانية السودانية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين ألمانيا والسودان.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه ال...

 

 

Cet article est une ébauche concernant une localité luxembourgeoise. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Sandweiler Vue aérienne de Sandweiler et du Findel. Blason Logo Administration Pays Luxembourg Canton Luxembourg Bourgmestre(Buergermeeschter) Mandat Jacqueline Breuer (LSAP) 2023-2029 Codes postaux (liste détaillée) Code UAL 2 LU0000306 Indicatif téléphonique (+352) Démographie Population...

سيريس , أكبر الكويكبات هو من النوع جي الكويكب من النوع جي أو (G-type) , هو نوع غير شائع نسبياً من الكويكبات الكربونية , تشكل قرابة 5% من الكويكبات , والمثال الأكثر شهرة لهذا النوع هو الكويكب سيريس. هيئة الكويكب هو كويكب داكن يصنف فرعياً تحت النوع سي لكنه يتميز عنه بخاصية الامتصاص ا�...

 

 

Bunda Maria dari RosarioBunda Kemenangan, Bunda Maria dari Rosario yang Teramat AgungDihormati diGereja Katolik RomaTempat ziarahBasilika Bunda Maria dari Kemenangan,Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, ParisPesta7 OktoberAtributPerawan Maria yang Terberkati, Kanak-kanak Yesus, mahkota, rosarioPelindungRosario, Keuskupan Málaga, Toledo, Rosario, Santa Fe, Rosario, Cavite, Keuskupan San Nicolás de los Arroyos, Santos, Melilla, Trujillo, Cáceres, Kolombia, Manizales, Puyo, Pastaza, Carolina Utara, Boho...

 

 

Aleksandr Kerzhakov bersama Zenit di 2012Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Aleksandr Anatolyevich KerzhakovTanggal lahir 27 November 1982 (umur 41)Tempat lahir Kingisepp, Russian SFSRTinggi 1,76 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in)Posisi bermain penyerangInformasi klubKlub saat ini Zenit St. PetersburgNomor 11Karier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2001–2006 Zenit St. Petersburg 156 (64)2007–2008 Sevilla 26 (8)2008–2009 Dynamo Moscow 51 (20)2010– Zenit St. Petersburg 57 (34)Tim nasion...

Taça de Ouro 1983 Competizione Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Sport Calcio Edizione 13ª Organizzatore CBF Date dal 23 gennaio 1983al 29 maggio 1983 Luogo  Brasile Partecipanti 44 Risultati Vincitore Flamengo(3º titolo) Secondo Santos Statistiche Miglior marcatore Serginho Chulapa(Santos), 22 gol Incontri disputati 322 Gol segnati 868 (2,7 per incontro) Pubblico 7 390 866 (22 953 per incontro) Cronologia della competizione 1982 1984 Manuale La Taça de...

 

 

For other people named Rory O'Connor, see Rory O'Connor (disambiguation). Irish republican (1883-1922) Rory O'ConnorPortrait of O'Connor, early 1920sBorn(1883-11-28)28 November 1883Dublin, IrelandDied8 December 1922(1922-12-08) (aged 39)Mountjoy Gaol, Dublin, IrelandCause of deathExecution by firing squadAllegianceIrish Republican Army (IRA) Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) Irish VolunteersService/branchAnti-Treaty IRARankCommandant-generalBattles/warsEaster Rising Irish War of In...

 

 

Italian American animator Walter LantzLantz in 1939Born(1899-04-27)April 27, 1899New Rochelle, New York, U.S.DiedMarch 22, 1994(1994-03-22) (aged 94)Burbank, California, U.S.Resting placeForest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)Other namesWalt LantzOccupation(s)Animator, producer, director, screenwriterYears active1912–1972EmployerWalter Lantz ProductionsNotable workWoody WoodpeckerChilly WillyOswald the Lucky RabbitAndy PandaTelevisionThe Woody Woodpecker Show (1957–1958...

Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 42nd Parliament of CanadaShadow Cabinet of CanadaDate formedNovember 4, 2015People and organizationsHead of stateQueen Elizabeth IIOpposition partyConservative Party of CanadaOpposition leaderRona Ambrose (2015–2017)Andrew Scheer (2017–2019)HistoryElection(s)2015Legislature term(s)42nd Canadian ParliamentPredecessor41st (2011–2015)Successor43rd (2019–2021) Politics of Canada Government (structure) The Crown Monarch (list): Charles III Governo...

 

 

土库曼斯坦总统土库曼斯坦国徽土库曼斯坦总统旗現任谢尔达尔·别尔德穆哈梅多夫自2022年3月19日官邸阿什哈巴德总统府(Oguzkhan Presidential Palace)機關所在地阿什哈巴德任命者直接选举任期7年,可连选连任首任萨帕尔穆拉特·尼亚佐夫设立1991年10月27日 土库曼斯坦土库曼斯坦政府与政治 国家政府 土库曼斯坦宪法 国旗 国徽 国歌 立法機關(英语:National Council of Turkmenistan) ...

 

 

American football player and coach (born 1939) For other people named Bill Snyder, see Bill Snyder (disambiguation). Bill SnyderSnyder in 2009Current positionTitleSpecial ambassadorTeamKansas StateConferenceBig 12Biographical detailsBorn (1939-10-07) October 7, 1939 (age 84)St. Joseph, Missouri, U.S.Playing career1958Missouri1959–1962William Jewell Position(s)Quarterback, defensive backCoaching career (HC unless noted)1962Gallatin HS (MO) (assistant)1964–1965Indio HS (CA) (assistant)...

الطوارئ المالايويةMalayan EmergencyDarurat Malaya馬來亞緊急狀態 جزء من إنهاء الاستعمار في أسيا والحرب الباردة قاذفة قنابل أفرو لينكولن تلقي 500 رطل من القنابل على المتمردين الشيوعيين في إحدى الغابات المالايوية معلومات عامة التاريخ 16 يونيو 1948 – 12 يوليو 1960 الموقع شبه الجزيرة الماليزية، جنو...

 

 

نادي السروات الألوان الأحمر و الأسود تأسس عام 1397 هـ الملعب النماص  السعودية البلد السعودية  الدوري دوري الدرجة الرابعة السعودي 2015-2016 2015-2016 الإدارة المالك الهيئة العامة للرياضة عارف جمعان الجبيري الشهري المدرب سعد بن عوض الشهري الموقع الرسمي https://twitter.com/srwatclub?lang=ar الطق...

 

 

British television presenter (born 1987) Stacey DooleyMBEDooley in 2020BornStacey Jaclyn Dooley (1987-03-09) 9 March 1987 (age 37)Luton, Bedfordshire, EnglandEducationStopsley High SchoolOccupationsTelevision presenterjournalistmedia personalityYears active2008–presentEmployerBBCTelevision Blood, Sweat and T-shirts Stacey Dooley Investigates Strictly Come Dancing Glow Up: Britain's Next Make-Up Star Stacey Dooley Sleeps Over PartnerKevin Clifton (2019–present)Children1 Stacey Ja...

Financial swap agreement in case of default If the reference bond performs without default, the protection buyer pays quarterly payments to the seller until maturity If the reference bond defaults, the protection seller pays par value of the bond to the buyer, and the buyer transfers ownership of the bond to the seller A credit default swap (CDS) is a financial swap agreement that the seller of the CDS will compensate the buyer in the event of a debt default (by the debtor) or other credit ev...

 

 

La MorraKomuneComune di La MorraNegaraItaliaWilayahPiedmontProvinsiProvinsi Cuneo (CN)FrazioniAnnunziata, Santa Maria, Rivalta, BerriLuas • Total24,3 km2 (94 sq mi)Ketinggian513 m (1,683 ft)Populasi (Dec. 2004) • Total2.668 • Kepadatan11/km2 (28/sq mi)DemonimLamorresiZona waktuUTC+1 (CET) • Musim panas (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Kode pos12064Kode area telepon0173Situs webSitus web resmi La Morra adalah komune yang terlet...