Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World (2004) is a history book written by Jack Weatherford, Dewitt Wallace Professor of Anthropology at Macalester College. It is a narrative of the rise and influence of Mongol leader Genghis Khan and his successors, and their influence on European civilization. Weatherford provides a different slant on Genghis Khan than has been typical in most Western accounts, attributing positive cultural effects to his rule.
In the last section, he reviews the historiography of Genghis Khan in the West and argues that the leader's early portrayal in writings as an "excellent, noble king" changed to that of a brutal pagan during the Age of Enlightenment. Weatherford made use of three major non-Western sources: The Secret History of the Mongols, the Ta' rīkh-i jahān-gushā of Juvayni and the Jami al-Tawarikh of Rashid-al-Din Hamadani.
In 1979 Paul Ratchnevsky wrote about the Khan's knack for forging alliances, his fairness in dividing the spoils, and his patronage of the sciences.[1] Similarly, Saunders and H. H. Howorth have argued that the Mongol empire contributed to opening up intellectual interactions between China, the Middle East, and Europe.[2]
The book suggests that the western depiction of the Mongols as savages who destroyed civilization was due to the Mongols' approach to dealing with the competing leadership classes. The Mongols practiced killing the ruling classes in order to subdue the general population, a technique used by other cultures as well. Survivors of the upper classes wrote the histories and expressed resentment of Mongol brutality toward them. Weatherford explores the Mongol treatment of the general population (peasants, tradesmen, merchants) under Mongol rule. He suggests their rule was less burdensome than that of European nobility due to lighter taxes, tolerance of local customs and religions, more rational administration, and universal education for boys.
These benefits were enjoyed only by populations who surrendered immediately to the Mongol invaders. Those populations that resisted could be massacred as a warning to other towns/cities. These massacres were a method of psychological warfare to alert those populations not yet conquered. The resulting terror helped color the historical portrayal of the Mongols.
Since the Mongols were nomadic horsemen of the steppes, they were dependent on taxes from the subjugated peoples for wealth and luxury goods. Weatherford's book claims that the Mongols sought to increase that wealth by encouraging their subjects to be more productive and enterprising instead of increasing the tax burden on them. They did this by sponsoring lucrative international trade. He says that they encouraged scientific advances, and improved agriculture and production methods. Many innovations came from the combination of technologies from different cultures within their huge empire.
In a 2005 review, Timothy May wrote that some of Weatherford's thesis was "without question, controversial". Nevertheless, Weatherford "presents his case very eloquently and with an abundance of evidence demonstrating not only the indirect influence of the Mongols in Europe but also the transformation of the Mongols from agents of innovation in the Renaissance into agents of destruction in the European mind during Enlightenment." He notes that the book lacks footnotes, and notations in the back are hard to follow and lacking in many cases. In addition, he writes, "While the overall thrust of the book is on target and may promote new discourse on the influence of the Mongols in history, it is undermined by numerous mistakes." May recommended against the book's use in history classes,[3] although noting that the book is well written and engaging.[4]
On the other hand, in a 2016 review, Simon Winchester praised "this fine and fascinating book". He appreciated in his review for the New York Times that "Weatherford's writings present us revisionist history on a grand scale, but one as scrupulously well researched (with ample endnotes) as such an intellectual overhaul needs to be".[5] Kirkus Reviews wrote: "Weatherford's lively analysis restores the Mongol's reputation, and it takes wonderful learned detours. ... Well written and full of surprises.”[6]
The book stayed on the New York Times Bestseller List for two weeks in 2004.[7] In a tournament of audiobooks by Audible.com, the book was honored in 2011 as a champion, together with Karl Marlantes' Matterhorn.[8] It was the book of the week by CNN in 2011.[9] On 12 October 2014, the book ranked at 6 on the New York Times e-book bestseller list.[10]
Konflik SampitBagian dari Indonesia dalam tahun 2001Ngayau (pemotongan kepala) yang terjadi di Sampit pada Februari 2001.Tanggal18 Februari – Maret 2001LokasiKalimantan,[a] Kalimantan Tengah Sampit Palangka Raya Kuala Pembuang Kalimantan Timur Samarinda Kalimantan Barat Sambas Pontianak Kalimantan Selatan BanjarmasinPihak terlibat Suku Dayak[1][2] Suku Madura[3]Kekuatan 32,000 di kota Sampit 1,500.000 di seluruh Kalimantan Tengah 90,000 di kota Sampit.[b]…
Sky News ArabiaDiluncurkan6 Mei 2012PemilikBritish Sky Broadcasting (50%)Abu Dhabi Media Investment Corporation (50%)Sloganأفق جديد (New Horizon)BahasaArabKantor pusatAbu DhabiSaluran seindukSky NewsSitus webwww.skynewsarabia.comTelevisi InternetSky News ArabiaWatch live (HD)LivestationWatch live Sky News Arabia (Arab: سكاي نيوز عربية Skāy Niyūz ʻArabīyah) adalah saluran televisi berita 24 jam dari Uni Emirat Arab. Staf[1][2] 2The unnamed paramete…
Cidade Antiga de Hoi An ★ Património Mundial da UNESCO Dragão no telhado de uma casa em Hoi An Critérios (ii)(v) Referência 948 en fr es País Vietname Coordenadas Coordenadas: 15° 53' N 108° 20' E15° 53' N 108° 20' E Histórico de inscrição Inscrição 1999 ★ Nome usado na lista do Património Mundial uma vista da rua A Cidade Antiga de Hoi An, ou simplesmente Hội An, conhecida como Faifo, é um excepcionalmente bem-preservado exemplo de um porto comer…
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل_2012) جامعة آزاد الإسلامية فرع دماوند معلومات التأسيس 2002 الموقع الجغرافي إحداثيات 35°42′03″N 52°03′02″E / 35.700944°N 52.050497°E / 35.700944; 52.050497 المكان دماوند,
Abernethy National Nature ReserveIUCN category II (national park)[1]Abernethy Forest, with the Cairngorms in the background.LocationStrathspey, Highland, ScotlandCoordinates57°15′N 3°38′W / 57.250°N 3.633°W / 57.250; -3.633Area12,754 hectares[2]DesignationNatureScotEstablished2007[3]: 1 OwnerRSPB & NatureScot[3]: 1 Abernethy National Nature Reserve Abernethy Forest is a remnant of the Caledonian F…
فاضل خلف معلومات شخصية اسم الولادة فاضل خلف حسين التيلجي الميلاد 2 أكتوبر 1927 مدينة الكويت الوفاة 31 يناير 2023 (95 سنة) [1] مدينة الكويت مواطنة إمارة الكويت (1927–1961) الكويت (1961–2023) الحياة العملية المدرسة الأم جامعة كامبريدج (التخصص:دراسات أدبية) (الشهادة:دبلو…
Attorney General v Jonathan Cape LtdCourtEngland and Wales High CourtCitation(s)[1975] 3 All ER 484[1]KeywordsCollective responsibility Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd [1975] 3 All ER 484 is a UK constitutional law case, concerning the rule of law. Facts The Attorney General applied for an injunction to stop Jonathan Cape Ltd and the Sunday Times publishing the diaries of the late Richard Crossman, a Cabinet minister for Housing in the Labour Party under Harold Wilson around 1964. T…
Shish kebab Shish kebab (Turki: şiş kebap) adalah sebuah hidangan daging sapi kotak yang dipanggang dan ditusuk sate.[1] Hidangan tersebut mirip atau sninomi dari sebuah hidangan yang disebut shashlik, yang ditemukan di kawasan Kaukasus.[2] Referensi ^ John Ayto (18 October 2012). The Diner's Dictionary: Word Origins of Food and Drink. OUP Oxford. hlm. 192–. ISBN 978-0-19-964024-9. ^ Davidson, Allen, The Oxford Companion to Food, p.442.
Indian actress Swathi ReddyReddy at TeachAids launch in 2010BornSvetlana Reddy (1987-04-19) 19 April 1987 (age 36)Vladivostok, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (present-day Far Eastern Federal District, Russia)NationalityIndianOther namesColours SwathiOccupationsActresstelevision presenterplayback singervoice actorYears active2005–presentSpouse Vikas Vasu (m. 2018) Swathi Reddy (born 19 April 1987[1]) is an Indian actress and television presente…
1965 studio album by Martha and the VandellasDance PartyStudio album by Martha and the VandellasReleasedApril 12, 1965Recorded1964StudioHitsville U.S.A. (Studio A)GenreSoulLength29:44LabelGordyProducerHolland–Dozier–HollandWilliam Mickey StevensonMartha and the Vandellas chronology Heat Wave(1963) Dance Party(1965) Greatest Hits(1966) Singles from Dance Party Dancing in the Street / There He Is (At My Door)Released: July 31, 1964 Wild One / Dancing SlowReleased: November 13, 1964 Now…
Cathedral in Ripon, North Yorkshire, England Church in North Yorkshire , EnglandRipon CathedralRipon Cathedral with its two front towers and central tower.Ripon CathedralShown within North Yorkshire54°8′5″N 1°31′12″W / 54.13472°N 1.52000°W / 54.13472; -1.52000LocationMinster Road, Ripon, North Yorkshire HG4 1QTCountryEnglandDenominationChurch of EnglandTraditionLiberal Anglo-Catholic[1]WebsiteOfficial websiteHistoryStatusCathedral (since 1836)Architect…
Berikut adalah daftar munisipalitas di provinsi Pontevedra, di wilayah otonomi Galicia, Spanyol. Peta munisipal Provinsi Pontevedra Peta munisipal provinsi Pontevedra dengan (comarca) berwarna berbeda Nama Populasi (2002) Agolada 3 Arbo 4 Baiona 12 Barro 3 Bueu 13 Caldas de Reis 10 Cambados 14 Campo Lameiro 2 Cangas 25 A Cañiza 7 Catoira 4 Cerdedo 2 Cotobade 5 Covelo 4 Crecente 3 Cuntis 5 Dozón 2 A Estrada 22 Forcarei 5 Fornelos de Montes 2 Gondomar 13 O Grove 11 A Guarda 10 A Illa de Arousa 5…
Antonio Machado Núñez Información personalNacimiento 30 de marzo de 1815 Cádiz (España) Fallecimiento 2 de julio de 1896 (81 años)Madrid (España) Sepultura Cementerio Civil de Madrid Nacionalidad EspañolaFamiliaCónyuge Cipriana Álvarez Durán Hijos Antonio Machado Álvarez EducaciónEducado en Universidad de Cádiz Información profesionalOcupación Antropólogo, zoólogo, ictiólogo, médico, escritor y geólogo Cargos ocupados Anexo:Rectores de la Universidad de SevillaGobernador civ…
Season of television series Beyblade Burst RiseKey VisualCountry of originJapanNo. of episodes52 (Japanese version)26 (English version)ReleaseOriginal networkYouTube (CoroCoro, Takara Tomy)Original releaseApril 5, 2019 (2019-04-05) –March 27, 2020 (2020-03-27)Season chronology← PreviousBurst Turbo Next →Burst Surge List of episodes Beyblade Burst Rise,[1] known in Japan as Beyblade Burst GT (Gachi) (ベイブレードバーストGT(ガチ), Beiburēdo Bāsu…
District in Sarawak, Malaysia This article is about an administrative district in Sarawak, Malaysia. For the city, see Kuching. For the administrative division, see Kuching Division. District of Malaysia in SarawakKuching District District of MalaysiaDaerah KuchingOther transcription(s) • Chinese古晋县Location of Kuching District in SarawakKuching DistrictLocation of Kuching District in MalaysiaCoordinates: 1°33′40″N 110°20′30″E / 1.56111°N 110.3416…
Lighthouse in Connecticut, United States LighthouseGreat Captain Island Light The light in 1935 (U.S. Coast Guard photo)LocationGreat Captain Island, Greenwich, USCoordinates40°58′57″N 73°37′25″W / 40.9825°N 73.6235°W / 40.9825; -73.6235TowerConstructed1868 Constructiongranite (tower), wood, cast iron (lantern), stone (basement) Height51 ft (16 m) Shapeoctagonal tower with balcony and lanternOperatorTown of Greenwich[1][…
Glacial age that occurred before the Last Glacial Period Diagram showing the feedback loop that cooled the Earth during the Penultimate Glacial Period.[1] The Penultimate Glacial Period (PGP) is the glacial age that occurred before the Last Glacial Period. The penultimate glacial period is officially unnamed just like the Last Glacial Period. While the PGP is a part of the ongoing Quaternary ice age, which began 2.58 million years ago, the PGP lasted from ~194,000 years ago, to ~135,000 …
Medical conditionApparent mineralocorticoid excess syndromeOther namesAME, 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency type 2, Ulick syndrome.Apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritanceSpecialtyMedical genetics, endocrinology SymptomsHypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and low plasma renin activity.[1] Apparent mineralocorticoid excess is an autosomal recessive[2] disorder causing hypertension (high blood press…
This is a list of nations, as represented by National Paralympic Committees (NPCs), that have participated in the Summer Paralympic Games between 1960 and 2020. As of the 2020 Games, all of the current 170 NPCs have participated in at least one edition of the Paralympic Games, and athletes from Argentina, Australia, Austria, France, Great Britain, Israel, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland and United States have competed in all fifteen Summer Paralympic Games. List of nations Table legend 60 In t…
artikel ini perlu dirapikan agar memenuhi standar Wikipedia. Tidak ada alasan yang diberikan. Silakan kembangkan artikel ini semampu Anda. Merapikan artikel dapat dilakukan dengan wikifikasi atau membagi artikel ke paragraf-paragraf. Jika sudah dirapikan, silakan hapus templat ini. (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Mikrotom elektrik Mikrom HM 200. Mikrotom adalah mesin untuk mengiris spesimen biologi menjadi bagian yang sangat tipis untuk pemeriksaan mikroskop. …
Lokasi Pengunjung: 3.15.0.243