Gabriel is a family of sea skimming anti-ship missiles manufactured by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI). The initial variant of the missile was developed in the 1960s in response to the needs of the Israeli Navy which first deployed it in 1970. Since then, variants have been exported to navies around the world. The latest variant, the Gabriel V, is in use by the Finnish and Israeli navies as of 2020.
On October 21, 1967, four Styx missiles sank the destroyer INS Eilat, which was patrolling along the northern shores of the Sinai. Forty-seven Israeli sailors and officers were killed or went missing in action and 100 were injured.[1] The loss of the ship prompted the Israeli Navy to ask Israel Aerospace Industries to accelerate the development of an anti-ship missile, which had begun in 1958 with the Luz (or Lutz) program.
Faced with Rafael Advanced Defense Systems's anxiety to develop a new guidance system, Shlomo Erell asked Israel Aerospace Industries to take over the program by recruiting Ori Even-Tov, a former Rafael engineer. Even-Tov suggested dropping the guidance joystick approach used by the Luz, and instead proposed the development of an autonomous guidance system which would allow the missile to seek its objective, even in bad weather or bad visibility.[2] He further proposed using an altimeter, allowing the missile to fly some meters over the surface of the sea, making it difficult to detect and allowing it to hit the target just above the waterline. A radar installed on the ship had to guide the missile, while the altimeter would keep the missile in sea-skimming mode.[2]
The development of the Gabriel for the Israeli Navy began in 1962,[3] before being first shown to the public in 1970. It was touted to be the world's first operational sea-skimming missile, and saw extensive action during the Yom Kippur War.[4] A batch of 50 was imported by the Republic of China Navy for evaluation and as the interim weapon for the three Allen M. Sumner class destroyers upgraded with Gabriel Mk 2 missile system, and it is also the basis for the Taiwanese Hsiung Feng I missile.
The Gabriel Mk 2, an improved version of Gabriel, was created in 1972 and entered service in 1976. It was also built under license in South Africa under the name Skerpioen (Afrikaans for Scorpion).[5] The Taiwanese Hsiung Feng I missile can be considered as a parallel development, being based on Gabriel Mk 1 but with similar improvements, and ordnances used by the two systems are interchangeable.
Gabriel III and Gabriel III A/S were introduced in 1978[5] with major improvements. The air-launched Gabriel III A/S has a range of over 60 km.[citation needed] Both Gabriel III versions employ the widely used 'fire and forget' mode.[citation needed]
Developed in the early 1990s is related to the Gabriel Mk III but larger and with a turbojet engine for sustained flight. It is distinguishable from the Mk III because of its swept wings with cropped tip. Like the Mk III, it has 3 guidance modes: Fire and Forget, Fire and Update with data link, and Fire and command using Radar update[4]
Israel Aerospace Industries is reportedly working on a Gabriel V Advanced Naval Attack Missile, with an advanced active multi-spectral seeker designed for cluttered littoral environments.[6][7] As of 2020, this variant is deployed by the Finnish and Israeli navies.[8] Range is claimed to be more than 200 km to 400 km.[9]
Successful test firing of the Gabriel V was conducted by the Israel Defense Forces on September 21, 2022.[10]
In 2020, Israel's IAI and Singapore's ST Engineering started a 50/50 joint venture company called Proteus Advanced Systems to develop, produce and market a derivative of the Gabriel V called the Blue Spear missile system. The missile has both sea and deep land attack capabilities with enhanced maneuverability for littoral environments.[11] The warhead employs an active radar-homing seeker, accurate INS-based navigation capabilities, beyond-line-of-sight (BLOS) capability and a robust system which is immune to GPS disruptions and maximal accuracy target acquisition. The system is equipped with a variety of deception means to achieve its mission and cope with the different battle-field challenges. ST Engineering's role in the Blue Spear's development includes the design, development and production of major subsystems like the booster motor and warhead.[12]
In 2021, IAI and Thales jointly marketed a variant of the Gabriel V/Blue Spear called Sea Serpent to the Royal Navy to replace its ageing Harpoon missile system. At DSEI 2021, IAI revealed that Sea Serpent was developed in parallel with Blue Spear and based on the Gabriel V missile system and/or older variants. IAI also revealed that Sea Serpent has a low profile mode or sea skimming range of greater than 290 km.[13] This range corresponds with the overall Gabriel V's range of 200 km to 400 km, depending on flight profile.[14]
In October 2021, it was announced that the Estonian Defence Forces purchased the Blue Spear missile system with a maximum range of 290 km (flight profile not mentioned).[15] The cost of each missile is about $5 million.[16] On 13 May 2022, it was reported that Israel gave permission to Estonia to give Ukraine one Blue Spear 5G SSM rocket which Israel claims are false.[17] However, the Estonian Minister of Defense dismissed the claims as false.[18] As part of the class's mid-life upgrade from 2028,[19] ST Engineering will install the Blue Spear missile on the Republic of Singapore Navy's six Formidable-class frigates as a replacement for the American Harpoon missile.[20][21]
Older models of the Gabriel are still used by Chile (Sa'ar 4 with Gabriel II), Israel (Sa'ar 4.5 with Gabriel II), Mexico (Sa'ar 4.5 with Gabriel II), Sri Lanka (Sa'ar 4 with Gabriel II) and Thailand (FPB-45 with Gabriel I).
During the Yom Kippur War the Gabriel I was used for the first time during the Battle of Latakia. Israeli missile boats armed with Gabriel Mk 1 missiles were credited with defeating Syrian ships armed with the Soviet-made P-15 Termit (SS-N-2 Styx) missile. Even though the Styx missile had a longer range, the Gabriel's reliability and flexibility of handling contributed to the Israeli victory. It is known that the Syrians shot missile salvos at the charging Israeli vessels, but missed due to the Israeli ECM technology of the time. When they were in range, the Israeli boats launched their Gabriel missiles, and sank all but one Syrian Osa class ship, which was later sunk by cannon fire. After defeating the Syrian Navy (surviving Syrian ships stayed in port) the Israeli missile boats defeated the Egyptian navy as well, achieving naval supremacy for the remainder of the war.[22][2]
During the Yom Kippur War in 1973, the Styx was shown to be far less effective than previously believed. From October 6 to October 12, 54 missiles were fired to no effect, according to Western sources. The aforementioned Russian sources[which?] however, claim that a total of seven ships were sunk - all small vessels such as trawlers, patrol boats, and missile boats. But the Russian specialists agreed with their Western counterparts that the overall results were unsatisfying, especially considering that seven Egyptian and Syrian vessels were sunk after being hit by Israeli Gabriel Mk.1 anti-ship missiles. This last figure is commonly recognized by specialists in both the West and East.
The first such encounter took place during the night of October 6 to October 7, 1973, near Latakia on the Syrian coast. Israeli forces used helicopters flying slowly at very low altitude, effectively simulating naval targets. No Israeli ship was hit by the large salvo of P-15s subsequently fired by the Syrians, who themselves lost the T-43 class trawler Jarmuk and three torpedo boats to Israeli Gabriel missiles. The Syrian missile boats withdrew successfully, but all of their missiles missed the Israeli helicopters, which had climbed to break the missile radars' locks. On the same night, a similar trick with helicopters was repeated against Egyptian ships north of the Sinai Peninsula. Yet another encounter took place near Latakia on the night of October 10–11. This time, the missile exchange between Israeli and Syrian missile boats took place without the use of helicopters, and Israeli ships relied on chaff. The Syrian vessels maneuvered outside their harbor among the anchored merchant ships. Two of the warships were sunk by Gabriel missiles, which also hit two neutral ships, the Greek Tsimentaros and the Japanese Yamashuro Maru. According to Israeli sources, the use of chaff saved all of its vessels. The following night, the helicopter maneuver was again successfully used during an encounter near Tartus off the Syrian coast. No Israeli ship was hit by a salvo of P-15s fired by Syrian missile boats. On the Syrian side, two Komar-class vessels were sunk by Gabriel missiles, and also the Soviet merchant ship Ilya Mechnikov was hit. On the same night, a similar encounter took place off the coast of Port Said.
Este artículo o sección necesita referencias que aparezcan en una publicación acreditada.Este aviso fue puesto el 19 de mayo de 2015. 쇼타임 Burning the BEAST Showtime Burning the BEAST Programa de televisión Género TelerrealidadPaís de origen Corea del SurIdioma(s) original(es) CoreanoN.º de episodios 12ProducciónLugar(es) de producción Corea del SurDuración 50 minutos aproximadamenteEmpresa(s) productora(s) MBC PlusLanzamientoMedio de difusión MBC Every 1Horario Jueves a las 06:0…
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Endosperma – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Diagram kariopsis gandum, memperlihatkan bagian endosperma. Endosperma, dalam botani, adalah bagian dari biji tumbuhan berbunga (Anthophyta) ya…
Swing Out Sister Datos generalesOrigen Mánchester, Inglaterra Reino UnidoInformación artísticaGénero(s) PopSophisti-popAcid jazzSmooth jazzPeríodo de actividad 1985 - presenteDiscográfica(s) Mercury RecordsFontana RecordsUniversal RecordsShanachie RecordsLiberty RecordsAvex MusicArtistas relacionados When in RomeWebSitio web Sitio Web OficialMiembros Andy ConnellCorinne DreweryExmiembros Martin Jackson[editar datos en Wikidata] Swing Out Sister es un grupo musical …
Гайнц Вільгельм РюманнHeinz Wilhelm Rühmann Дата народження 7 березня 1902(1902-03-07)[1][2][…]Місце народження Ессен, Дюссельдорф, Рейнська провінція, Королівство Пруссія, Німецька імперія[1]Дата смерті 3 жовтня 1994(1994-10-03)[1][2] (92 роки) або 4 жовтня 1994(1994-10-04)[4] (92 рок
Уді — термін, який має кілька значень. Ця сторінка значень містить посилання на статті про кожне з них.Якщо ви потрапили сюди за внутрішнім посиланням, будь ласка, поверніться та виправте його так, щоб воно вказувало безпосередньо на потрібну статтю.@ пошук посилань саме сю…
Este artículo o sección necesita referencias que aparezcan en una publicación acreditada.Este aviso fue puesto el 14 de junio de 2012. Bajo Aragón CaspeDatos generalesNombre Asociación Deportiva Fútbol Sala CaspeFundación 1983Presidente Manuel Barriendos GimenoEntrenador José Luis DomingoInstalacionesEstadio Municipal de Caspe, (Zaragoza) EspañaCapacidad 1000 Titular Alternativo Última temporadaLiga Segunda División de fútbol sala(2006-07) 10.º Página web oficial[editar datos …
Coordenadas: 43° 17' 45 N 4° 58' 18 O Onís Município Símbolos Brasão de armas Localização OnísLocalização de Onís na Espanha OnísLocalização de Onís nas Astúrias Coordenadas 43° 17' 45 N 4° 58' 18 O País Espanha Comunidade autónoma Astúrias Província Astúrias Características geográficas Área total 75,42 km² População total (2019) [1] 743 hab. Densidade 9,9 hab./km² Código postal 33556 Có…
Хелловін 4: Повернення Майкла МаєрсаHalloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers Жанр жахи, трилерРежисер Дуайт Х. ЛіттлПродюсер Пол ФріманМустафа АккадЕнтоні МасіМ.Н. СанусіСценарист Алан Б. МакЕлройДенні ЛіпсіусЛаррі РеттнерБенжамін РаффнерУ головних ролях Дональд Плісенс[1][2][3]…
Antas Freguesia extinguida Escudo AntasLocalización de Antas en Portugal Coordenadas 40°39′42″N 7°33′46″O / 40.661666666667, -7.5627777777778Entidad Freguesia extinguida • País Portugal • Distrito Viseu • Municipio Penalva do Castelo • Freguesia actual Antas e MatelaAltitud • Media 618 m s. n. m.Población (2011) • Total 284 hab.Huso horario Hora de Europa Occidental[editar datos en Wikidata&…
1878 SAFA premiership seasonNorwood premiership teamTeams7PremiersNorwood 1st premiershipLeading goalkickerWilliam Dedman Norwood (12 Goals)Matches played42Highest3,000 (Round 13, Norwood vs Port Adelaide)← 18771879 → The 1878 South Australian Football Association season was the 2nd season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia. The SAFA competition was contested by seven teams with the admission of Norwood, after Bankers and Woodville fol…
1961–1964 transfer of Morocco Jews to Israel Part of a series onAliyah Concepts Promised Land Gathering of Israel Diaspora Negation Jews who remained in the Land of Israel Homeland for the Jewish people Zionism Jewish question Law of Return Pre-Modern Aliyah Return to Zion Old Yishuv Perushim Aliyah in modern times First Second during World War I Third Fourth Fifth Aliyah Bet Bricha from Muslim countries Yemen Iraq Morocco Lebanon from the Soviet Union post-Soviet from Poland from Ethiopia fro…
映画『鴛鴦歌合戦』(1939年)における服部富子(左)。右はテイチクの同僚ディック・ミネ 服部 富子(はっとり とみこ、1917年〈大正6年〉4月6日 - 1981年〈昭和56年〉5月17日)は、昭和期の歌手。作曲家・服部良一の妹[1]。服部克久は甥、服部隆之は姪孫。宝塚歌劇団21期生で、宝塚歌劇団在団中の芸名は水間 扶美子(みずま ふみこ)。 来歴・人物 大阪市出身。宝
1996 studio album by the Divine ComedyCasanovaStudio album by the Divine ComedyReleased29 April 1996 (1996-04-29)RecordedJune 1995 – January 1996Genre Britpop[1] orchestral pop[2] Length51:52LabelSetantaProducer Darren Allison Neil Hannon The Divine Comedy chronology Promenade(1994) Casanova(1996) A Short Album About Love(1997) Singles from Casanova Something for the WeekendReleased: 17 June 1996 Becoming More Like AlfieReleased: 12 August 19…
باساي (بالإنجليزية: City of Pasay) باساي خريطة الموقع تاريخ التأسيس 2 ديسمبر 1863 تقسيم إداري البلد الفلبين[1][2] التقسيم الأعلى حاضرة مانيلا[3] خصائص جغرافية إحداثيات 14°33′N 121°00′E / 14.55°N 121°E / 14.55; 121 [4] المساحة 18.50 كم² الارتفاع 21 متر…
Christian ecclesiastical synod held at Elvira in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica If the ancient Roman city of Elvira was located in the Albaicín district of Granada, as some think, the synod may have taken place just inside the Puerta de Elvira (eleventh-century), seen here. The Synod of Elvira (Latin: Concilium Eliberritanum, Spanish: Concilio de Elvira) was an ecclesiastical synod held at Elvira in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica, now Granada in southern Spain.[1] Its da…
This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) SaintGeevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril (Dionysius VI)Malankara MetropolitanPortrait…
Flora e Jardim Botânico de Colônia em 2014 Flora e Jardim Botânico de Colônia (em alemão:Flora und Botanischer Garten Köln) é um parque municipal de 11,5 hectares situado junto ao Jardim Zoológico em Colônia, na Alemanha. Está aberto diariamente sem custos.[1] História O jardim remonta a 1863, quando uma sociedade anônima privada foi organizada para criar o Parque Flora (Flora Park) como um substituto para o antigo jardim botânico da cidade, localizado próximo da Catedral de Colôn…
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Bolívar and the second or maternal family name is Cifuentes. Nastassja BolívarBornNastassja Isabella Bolívar Cifuentes (1988-10-24) October 24, 1988 (age 35)Miami, Florida, U.S.Height1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)Beauty pageant titleholderTitleNuestra Belleza Latina 2011Miss Nicaragua 2013Hair colorBlackEye colorBrownMajorcompetition(s)Nuestra Belleza Latina 2011(Winner)Miss Nicaragua 2013(Winner)Miss Universe 2013(Top 16…
Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki bila dimungkinkan. Tambahkan pranala wiki. Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan [[ dan ]] pada kata yang bersangkutan (lihat WP:LINK untuk keterangan lebih lanjut). …
Lead official of the Inquisition This article is about the inquisitorial office. For the poem by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, see The Grand Inquisitor. For the fictional character, see Grand Inquisitor (Star Wars). Grand InquisitorInquisitor GeneralisAppointerMonarchInaugural holderTomás de TorquemadaFormation1483Final holderJerónimo Castillón y SalasAbolished1820 Grand Inquisitor (Latin: Inquisitor Generalis, literally Inquisitor General or General Inquisitor) was the lead official of the Inquisition…
Lokasi Pengunjung: 3.141.45.83