GTK

For other uses, see GTK (disambiguation).

Original author(s)Spencer Kimball, Peter Mattis
Developer(s)The GNOME Project, eXperimental Computing Facility (XCF)
Initial releaseApril 14, 1998; 26 years ago (1998-04-14)
Stable release
4.14.4 / April 2, 2024; 7 months ago (2024-04-02)
Preview release
4.15.1 / May 21, 2024; 6 months ago (2024-05-21)
Repository
Written inC, CSS[1]
Operating systemLinux, Unix-like, macOS, Windows
TypeWidget toolkit
LicenseLGPLv2.1+
Websitegtk.org

GTK (formerly GIMP ToolKit[2] and GTK+[3]) is a free software cross-platform widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces (GUIs).[4] It is licensed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License, allowing both free and proprietary software to use it. It is one of the most popular toolkits for the Wayland and X11 windowing systems.[5]

The GTK team releases new versions on a regular basis.[6] GTK 4 and GTK 3 are maintained, while GTK 2 is end-of-life.[7] GTK1 is independently maintained by the CinePaint project.[8]

Software architecture

The GTK toolkit
Simplified software architecture of GTK. Pango, GDK, ATK, GIO, Cairo and GLib
GDK contains back-ends to X11, Wayland, Broadway (HTTP), Quartz, and GDI and relies on Cairo for the rendering. Its new SceneGraph is work-in-progress.

The GTK library contains a set of graphical control elements (widgets); version 3.22.16 contains 186 active and 36 deprecated widgets.[9] GTK is an object-oriented widget toolkit written in the programming language C; it uses GObject, that is the GLib object system, for the object orientation. While GTK is mainly for windowing systems based on X11 and Wayland, it works on other platforms, including Microsoft Windows (interfaced with the Windows API), and macOS (interfaced with Quartz). There is also an HTML5 back-end named Broadway.[10][11]

GTK can be configured to change the look of the widgets drawn; this is done using different display engines. Several display engines exist which try to emulate the look of the native widgets on the platform in use.

Starting with version 2.8, released in 2005, GTK began the transition to using Cairo to render most of its graphical control elements widgets.[12] Since GTK version 3.0, all rendering is done using Cairo.[13]

On January 26, 2018 at DevConf.cz, Matthias Clasen gave an overview of the current state of GTK 4 development, including a high-level explanation of how rendering and input worked in GTK 3, what changes are being made in GTK 4 (>3.90), and why.[14] On February 6, 2019 it was announced that GTK 4 will drop the “+” from the project's name.[3]

GTK Drawing Kit (GDK)

Main article: GDK

GDK acts as a wrapper around the low-level functions provided by the underlying windowing and graphics systems.

GTK Scene Graph Kit (GSK)

Main article: GTK Scene Graph Kit

GSK is the rendering and scene graph API for GTK. GSK lies between the graphical control elements (widgets) and the rendering. GSK was finally merged into GTK version 3.90 released March 2017.

GtkBuilder

GtkBuilder allows user interfaces to be designed without writing code. The interface is described in an Extensible Markup Language (XML) file which is written by hand or generated by a GUI designer, which is then loaded at runtime and the objects created automatically. The description of the user interface is independent from the programming language being used.

Language bindings

Main article: List of language bindings for GTK

Language bindings are available for using GTK from languages other than C, including C++, Genie, JavaScript, Perl, Python, Vala, and others.[15]

Backends

GTK supports various backends, which provides different ways to display GTK applications depending on the system and environment. Examples of GTK backends are:

  • Wayland – Used with the Wayland display server on Linux systems, it is a modern replacement for X11.
  • X11 – The default on Linux systems using the X.Org display server.
  • Win32 – For running GTK applications on Windows.
  • Quartz – For macOS support.
  • Broadway – Allows GTK applications to run in web browsers using HTML5 and WebSockets.[10][11]

Development tools

GUI designers

A screenshot of Cambalache Interface Designer

There are several GUI designers for GTK. Here is a selection of GTK GUI designers:

GTK Inspector

A screenshot of the GTK Inspector

The GTK Inspector is a built-in interactive debugging tool in GTK, allowing developers to inspect and modify UI elements, test CSS changes, and analyze widget structure in real time. It can be enabled using the Control + Shift + I or Control + Shift + D shortcuts, or by setting the GTK_DEBUG=interactive environment variable.[20] It was introduced with GTK version 3.14.[21][22]

Features

  • Interactive debugging
  • Real-time CSS testing and modifications
  • Widget magnification for detailed inspection
  • UI structure analysis and object property examination
  • Customizable display settings via environment variables
  • Detailed object inspection (type, state, properties, CSS, actions, etc.)
  • Global application information display
  • CSS rule debugging
  • Rendering pipeline recording and inspection

Development

GTK is mainly developed by The GNOME Project, which also develops the GNOME Development Platform and the GNOME Desktop Environment.[23] GTK is mainly written in C.[24] Many language bindings are available. GTK development is loosely managed.

GNOME developers and users gather at an annual GNOME Users And Developers European Conference GUADEC meeting to discuss GNOME's current state and future direction.[25] GNOME incorporates standards and programs from freedesktop.org to better interoperate with other desktops.[citation needed]

On September 1, 2016, a post on the GTK development blog denoted, among other things, the future numbering scheme of GTK.[26] GTK version 3.22, released in Autumn 2016, was planned to be the last 3.x release, although version 3.24 followed in Fall 2018 with the delay of GTK 4.[27] The development of GTK 4 used version names 3.90, 3.92, etc. until the first GTK 4.0 stable release was launched in December 2020.[28] Despite the first stable GTK 4 release, some applications using GTK still rely on GTK 2. For example, as of January 2022, GIMP is still being ported to GTK 3.[29]

Build automation

The master branch of GTK utilizes Meson for its build automation. GTK (and GNOME, GLib, etc.) formerly utilized the GNU Build System (named Autotools) as the build automation system of choice. Since August 14, 2017, the Autotools build system files have been dropped.[30]

Criticism

The most common criticism of GTK is the lack of backward-compatibility in major updates, most notably in the application programming interface (API)[31] and theming.[32] The result is that application developers or theme developers have to rewrite parts of their code to make it work with a newer version of GTK.

The compatibility breaks between minor releases during the GTK 3.x development cycle was explained by Benjamin Otte as due to strong pressures to innovate, such as providing the features modern users expect and supporting the increasingly influential Wayland display server protocol. With the release of GTK 4, the pressure from the need to innovate will have been released and the balance between stability and innovation will tip toward stability.[33] Similarly, recent changes to theming are specifically intended to improve and stabilise that part of the API, meaning some investment now should be rewarded later.

  • Dirk Hohndel, codeveloper of Subsurface and member of Intel's Open-Source Technology Center, criticized the GTK developers for being abrasive and ignoring most community requests.[34]
  • Hong Jen Yee, developer of LXDE (the GTK version of which was dropped and all efforts focused on the Qt port), expressed disdain for version 3 of the GTK toolkit's radical API changes and increased memory usage, and ported PCMan File Manager (PCManFM) to Qt. PCManFM is being developed with a GTK and with a Qt backend at the same time.[35]
  • The Audacious music player moved to Qt in version 3.6.[36] The reasons stated by the developers for this include a transition to client-side window decorations, which they claim cause the application to look "GNOME-y and out of place."[37]
  • Wireshark has switched to Qt due to not having a good experience with GTK's cross-platform support.[38]

Use

The GTK support for Wayland, co-requisites applications to be adapted to Wayland also
Screenshot of GIMP 2.8 - GTK is responsible for managing the interface components of the program, including the menus, buttons, and input fields.

Applications

Main pages: List of GTK applications and Category:Software that uses GTK

Some notable applications that use GTK as a widget toolkit include:

GTK programs can be run on desktop environments based on X11 and Wayland, or others including ones not made with GTK, provided the needed libraries are installed; this includes macOS if X11.app is installed. GTK can be also run on Microsoft Windows. It is used by some popular cross-platform applications like Pidgin and GIMP. wxWidgets, a cross-platform GUI tool-kit, uses GTK on Linux by default.[39] Other ports include DirectFB (for example used by the Debian installer).

Desktop environments

Main page: Desktop environments based on GTK

Several desktop environments utilize GTK as the widget toolkit.

Current

Inactive

Window managers

The following window managers use GTK:

GtkSourceView

For syntax highlighting there is GtkSourceView, "source code editing widget". GtkSourceView is maintained by GNOME separately from GTK as a library: gtksourceview. There are plans to rename to gsv.[citation needed]

GtkSpell

GtkSpell is a library separate from GTK. GtkSpell depends on GTK and Enchant. Enchant is a wrapper for ispell, hunspell, etc., the actual spell checker engine/software. GtkSpell uses GTK's GtkTextView widget, to highlight misspelled words and offer replacement.

History

GNU/Linux

GTK was originally designed and used in the GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP) as a replacement of the Motif toolkit; at some point Peter Mattis became disenchanted with Motif and began to write his own GUI toolkit named the GIMP toolkit and had successfully replaced Motif by the 0.60 release of GIMP.[40] Finally GTK was re-written to be object-oriented and was renamed GTK+.[41] This was first used in the 0.99 release of GIMP. GTK was subsequently adopted for maintenance by the GNOME Foundation, which uses it in the GNOME desktop environment.

The GTK 2.0.0 release series introduced new features which include improved text rendering using Pango, a new theme engine, improved accessibility using the Accessibility Toolkit, transition to Unicode using UTF-8 strings, and a more flexible API. Starting with version 2.8, GTK 2 depends on the Cairo graphics library for rendering vector graphics.

GTK version 3.0.0 included revised input device handling, support for themes written with CSS-like syntax, and the ability to receive information about other opened GTK applications.

The '+' was dropped returning to simply 'GTK' in February 2019 during a Hackathon.[42]

macOS

With Quartz-backend[43] GTK is available in macOS.[44]

Windows

  • After GTK 2.24.10 and 3.6.4 Development of Windows with Installer was closed by Gnome. Installation of MSYS2 on Windows is a good way to use actual GTK.[45]
  • GTK 2.24.10 and 3.6.4 is available in Internet, but very buggy and limited against actual versions.[46][47]
  • A version for Windows 64-bit is prepared by Tom Schoonjans with 2.24.33 (actual like Linux) and 3.24.24 (actual like Linux) from January 2021 available.[48]
  • Windows 10's Fall Creators Update includes Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL). With Linux distributions like Ubuntu or Debian available from the Microsoft Store and an X server like Xming or VcXsvr, thousands of programs like GTK 2 or 3 can run with X or terminal support.

OpenVMS

HP stated that their goal was to merge the needed OpenVMS changes into the GTK Version 1.3 development stream, however this never materialised.[49] The latest version of GTK for OpenVMS is version 1.2.10.[50]

GTK 4

One of the cardinal novelties implemented during the GTK 4 development cycle (i.e. GTK 3.92, etc.) has been the removal of customization options for the user side (like individual keyboard shortcuts that could be set in GTK+ 2), and the delegation of functionality to ancillary objects instead of encoding it into the base classes provided by GTK.

  • the event handling from signal handlers described by GtkWidget is delegated to event controllers
  • the rendering is delegated to GtkSnapshot objects
  • the layout mechanism from GtkWidget is delegated to GtkLayoutManager

In January 2018 at DevConf.cz Matthias Clasen gave an overview of the then current state of GTK 4 development, including a high-level explanation of how rendering and input worked in GTK 3, what changes were being made to GTK 4, and the reasons for those changes. Examples of things that have become possible with GTK 4 were given as well.[51]

Releases

Legend:
Old version, not maintained
Old version, still maintained
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release
Release series Initial release Major enhancements Latest minor version
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.0 1998-04-13[52] First stable version 1.0.
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.2 1999-02-25[53] New widgets:
  • GtkFontSelector
  • GtkPacker
  • GtkItemFactory
  • GtkCTree
  • GtkInvisible
  • GtkCalendar
  • GtkLayout
  • GtkPlug
  • GtkSocket
 1.2.10
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.0 2002-03-11[54] GObject

Overall support for UTF-8

2.0.9
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.2 2002-12-22[55] Multihead support 2.2.4
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.4 2004-03-16[56] New widgets:
  • GtkFileChooser
  • GtkComboBox
  • GtkComboBoxEntry
  • GtkExpander
  • GtkFontButton
  • GtkColorButton
 2.4.14
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6 2004-12-16[57] New widgets:
  • GtkIconView
  • GtkAboutDialog
  • GtkCellView

The last to support Windows 98/Me

2.6.10
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.8 2005-08-13[58] Most widgets are rendered by Cairo 2.8.20
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.10 2006-07-03[59] New widgets:
  • GtkStatusIcon
  • GtkAssistant
  • GtkLinkButton
  • GtkRecentChooser

Print support: GtkPrintOperation

2.10.14
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.12 2007-09-14[60] GtkBuilder 2.12.12
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.14 2008-09-04[61] JPEG 2000 load support 2.14.7
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.16 2009-03-13[62] New widget: GtkOrientable

Caps Lock warning in password entry

Improvements on GtkScale, GtkStatusIcon, GtkFileChooser

2.16.6
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.18 2009-09-23[63] New widget: GtkInfoBar

Improvement on file chooser, printing

To remove much of the necessary IPC between the X11 application and the X11 server, GDK is rewritten (mainly by Alexander Larsson) to use "client-side windows", i.e., the GdkWindow, which every widget must have, belongs now to the client

2.18.9
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.20 2010-03-23[64] New widgets:
  • GtkSpinner
  • GtkToolPalette
  • GtkOffscreenWindow

Improvement on file chooser, keyboard handling, GDK

Introspection data is now included in GTK

2.20.1
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.22 2010-09-23[65] GdkPixbuf moved to separate module

Most GDK drawing are based on Cairo

Many internal data are now private and can be sealed in preparation to GTK 3

2.22.1
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.24 2011-01-30[66] New widget: GtkComboBoxText which had previously been a custom widget shipped with Gtkmm

The CUPS print backend can send print jobs as PDF

GtkBuilder has gained support for text tags and menu toolbuttons and many introspection annotation fixes were added

Migrating from GTK+ 2.x to GTK+ 3

2.24.33
(2020-12-21)[67]
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.0 2011-02-10[68] Development and design of the GTK 3 release of the toolkit started in February 2009 during the GTK Theming Hackfest held in Dublin[69]
  • The first draft of the development roadmap was released on April 9, 2009[70]

Completed mostly Project Ridley

  • the attempt to consolidate several libraries that were external to GTK+
  • including libgnome, libgnomeui, libgnomeprint22, libgnomeprintui22, libglade, libgnomecanvas, libegg, libeel, gtkglext, and libsexy[71]

All the rendering is done using Cairo

GDK became more X11 agnostic

XInput2, theme API is based on Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), worsening the achievable performance for 60 Hz frame rates

3.0.12
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.2 2011-09-25[72] New widgets:
  • GtkLockButton
  • GtkOverlay

New Font Chooser dialog

New experimental backends:

3.2.4
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.4 2012-03-26[73] Menu support in GtkApplication

A new color chooser

Added support for touch devices

Added support for smooth scrolling

GtkScrolledWindow will do kinetic scrolling with touch devices

macOS support is improved

This is the first version of GTK 3 that works well on Windows

The Wayland backend is updated to the current Wayland version

Spin buttons have received a new look

Accessibility: the treeview accessible support is rewritten

More complete CSS theming support

3.4.4
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.6 2012-09-24[74] New widgets:
  • GtkSearchEntry
  • GtkMenuButton
  • GtkLevelBar

Vertical spin buttons

CSS animations, blur shadows

Support for cross-fading and transitions in themes

3.6.5
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.8 2013-03-25[75] Wayland 1.0 stable support

Support for the broadwayd server

Improved theming

Better geometry management

Touch improvements

Support with the window manager for the frame synchronization protocol

GdkFrameClock added[76]

3.8.9
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.10 2013-09-23[77] New widgets:
  • GtkHeaderBar
  • GtkPlacesSidebar
  • GtkStack
  • GtkStackSwitcher
  • GtkRevealer
  • GtkSearchBar
  • GtkListBox

Support for Wayland 1.2

  • maximization
  • animated cursors
  • multiple monitors
  • settings
  • custom surfaces
  • frame synchronization

Added:

  • client-side decorations
  • scaled output support on high-dpi screens
  • fine-adjustment mode for scrolling

Removed:

  • support for the Motif DND protocol
  • support for multiple screens per display
  • gdk_window_get_display
  • gtk_widget_push_composite_child

Tear-off menu-items, plus many GTK settings

The modern GTK drawing model

3.10.9
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.12 2014-03-25[78] Client-side decorations[79]

Support for Wayland 1.5

New widget: GtkPopover (an alternative to menus and dialogs)

3.12.2
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.14 2014-09-22[80] GtkInspector (a copy of gtkparasite) introduced[81][82]

Improved support for gestures/multi-touch merged[83][84]

Deprecated:[85]

  • GtkMisc
  • GtkAlignment
  • GtkArrow
  • GdkColor
  • Style regions
  • support for .icon files
  • gdk_window_flush
  • drawing outside of begin/end paint

Most widgets converted to use gestures internally

Wayland supports GNOME Shell classic mode[86]

3.14.15
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.16 2015-03-22[87] GDK supports rendering windows using OpenGL for X11 and Wayland using libepoxy

New widgets:

  • GtkGLArea
  • GtkStackSidebar
  • GtkModelButton
  • GtkPopoverMenu

Scrolling overhauled (scrollbar hidden by default[88])

Experimental Mir backend[89]

3.16.7
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.18 2015-09-23[90] Add CSS node infrastructure

More filechooser design refresh and better filechooser search

Dropped Windows XP support

Model support for list and flow box

Kinetic touchpad scrolling

Touchpad gestures (Wayland)

gtk-builder-tool utility

Output-only windows

3.18.9
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.20 2016-03-21[91] Further Integration of CSS nodes[92]

Move drag and drop down to GDK

New widget: GtkShortcutsWindow (shows keyboard shortcuts and gestures of an application)

3.20.10
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.22 2016-09-21[93] Last 3.x release[26]

Wayland tablet support is merged,[94] support for graphics tablets is considered feature complete[95]

GTK 3.22 shall be as rock-stable (and hence "boring") as GTK 2[33][96][97]

for 3+ years
3.22.29
Old version, yet still maintained: 3.24 2018-09-03[98] 3.22 was supposed to be the last version of GTK 3 series
  • 3.24 was mainly released to ease migrating from GTK+ 3.x to GTK+ 4

Dependency bumps – require:

  • libepoxy 1.4
  • pango 1.41

New font chooser features:

  • allow setting OpenType font features
  • show examples for OpenType font features
  • allow selecting OpenType font variations
  • support levels of details for selection

New Emoji features:

  • support a completion popup for Emoji
  • drop Ctrl-Shift-e shortcut

Other new APIs: gdk_window_move_to_rect

Wayland: use anonymous shared memory on FreeBSD

Backported event controllers from GTK 4:

  • GtkEventControllerScroll
  • GtkEventControllerMotion
  • GtkEventControllerKey
  • GtkGestureStylus

Deprecate a few APIs that are gone in GTK 4:

  • focus chains in GtkContainer
  • stepper sensitivity in GtkRange
 3.23.0
3.23.1
3.23.2
3.23.3
3.24.0
...3.24.5
3.24.14
...

3.24.29

Old version, no longer maintained: 3.90 2017-03-31[99] GTK Scene Graph Kit (GSK) merged[6]

Remove any API marked as deprecated

Heavy development

A new Vulkan-renderer augments the old Cairo-renderer[100]

3.89.1

3.89.2
3.89.4
3.89.5
3.90

Old version, no longer maintained: 3.92 2017-10-18[101][102] As GNOME 3.26 was released already on September 13, 2017,[103] it was not based on GTK 3.92.

GNU autotools was replaced with Meson.

3.91.0

3.91.1
3.91.2
3.92.1

Old version, no longer maintained: 3.94 2018-06-26[104] 3.93
  • GdkScreen, GdkVisual removed
  • GdkDeviceManager replaced by GdkSeat
  • Clipboard handling is moved from GTK to GDK
  • GdkEvent is converted to an opaque GObject
  • the GL renderer in GSK is substantially completed, and is now on par with the Vulkan renderer
  • the use of GdkPixbuf in APIs is reduced
    • and the GskTexture object is moved to GDK as GdkTexture, to take its place
  • the Wayland backend now implements the KDE server-side decoration protocol
  • Broadway is ported to GSK.

GdkWindow renamed to GdkSurface

New abstraction for drawable content: GdkPaintable

There is support for displaying media with:

  • GtkVideo
  • GtkMediaFile
  • GtkMediaStream
  • GtkMediaControls
 3.93
3.94.0
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.96 2019-05-07[105] The gtk4-builder-tool simplify command has gained a --3to4 option to convert GTK3 ui files to GTK4; though with AMTK menus, toolbars or other objects like GtkShortcutsWindow are created programmatically (not with a *.ui file), but with convenient APIs.[106]

GtkWidget can now use a GtkLayoutManager for size allocation

  • layout managers can optionally use layout children holding layout properties
  • GtkBinLayout, GtkBoxLayout, GtkGridLayout, GtkFixedLayout and GtkCustomLayout are currently available
  • more layout manager implementations will appear in the future

Focus handling has been rewritten, and focus-change event generation has been unified with crossing events

Events have been simplified and are just used for input:

  • expose events have been replaced by a GdkSurface::render signal
  • configure events have been replaced by a GdkSurface::size-changed signal
  • map events have been replaced by a GdkSurface::mapped property
  • gdk_event_handler_set has been replaced by a GdkSurface::event signal
  • key events no longer contain a string
  • events on unmapped widgets are ignored
 3.96.0
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.98 2020-02-10[105]
  • Performance improvements
  • Drag and drop refactoring
  • Moving GDK towards Wayland
  • Removals
    • GtkMenu, GtkToolbar and similar classes have been replaced by GMenu.
  • Additions
    • Emoji chooser
    • Text widgets now have undo stacks
    • A new layout manager[107]
 3.98.5
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.99.0 2020-07-31[108]
  • Introduced successor to Accessibility Toolkit (ATK).[109] The new approach will implement WAI-ARIA (World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Accessibility Initiative – Accessible Rich Internet Applications).
  • Updated headers to use standard C types instead of GLib types
  • New widgets
  • Fixes and improvements[108]
 3.99.4
Old version, no longer maintained: 4.0 2020-12-16[110] 4.0.2
Old version, no longer maintained: 4.2 2021-03-30[111]
Old version, no longer maintained: 4.4 2021-08-23[112]
Old version, no longer maintained: 4.6 2021-12-30[113]
Old version, no longer maintained: 4.8 2022-09-06[114]
Current stable version: 4.10 2023-03-04[115] GtkFileChooser deprecated (use GtkFileDialog)[116]

See also

References

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Bibliography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to GTK.
The Wikibook X Window Programming has a page on the topic of: GTK+