Free (ISP)

Free S.A.S.
Company typeS.A.S.
IndustryTelecommunications
Founded26 April 1999; 25 years ago (1999-04-26)
FounderXavier Niel
Headquarters
Paris
,
France
Area served
France
Key people
  • Xavier Niel
  • Maxime Lombardini
  • Rani Assaf
  • Antoine Levavasseur
  • Thomas Reynaud
ProductsFreebox, Freebox TV
ServicesFixed-line Internet services, IP television, fixed-line and mobile telephony, quadruple play, network services
OwnerIliad (100%)
Number of employees
5665
ParentIliad
SubsidiariesFree Mobile (100%)
Free Infrastructure (100%)
Websitewww.free.fr

Free S.A.S. is a French telecommunications company, subsidiary of Iliad S.A. that provides voice, video, data, and Internet telecommunications to consumers in France. Its head office is in the 8th arrondissement of Paris and it is the second-largest ISP in France.

Free provides ISP services in France[1][2] and in the 30 OECD countries.[3] It was the first company to offer a "triple play" service in France[4][5][6] through its self-produced singular Freebox set-top box, claiming to have invented the box marketing concept in France in reference to all the other French ISPs who thereafter released "triple play" modems named to include the anglicism box as a suffix. These boxes provide comprehensive telecommunication services such as high-speed Internet, telephone and digital television packages, leading Free to become the world's number one IPTV provider[7] offering almost systematically IPTV to subscribers and optimizing it to be available on most landlines.[8][9]

Developing its own 3G and 4G networks, Free Mobile was launched in 2012 and became the fourth mobile network operator in France.

History

1999–2001

See also: Dial-up internet access

Free was the third ISP in France to offer Internet access without a subscription or a surcharged phone number, on 26 April 1999.[10] Unlike its predecessors in the niche of access without subscription (World Online on 1999-04-01 and Freesurf [fr] on 1999-04-19), Free's offer was not restricted in time or number of subscribers.

In 2002, Free was the first ISP to provide a V.92 connection.[11]

Free dial-up offer milestones
Date Technology Down IP Up IP
1999-04-26[10] Voiceband 56 kbit/s 33,6 kbit/s
2002-02-27[11] V.92 56 kbit/s 48 kbit/s

2002–2003: ADSL at a disruptive price

Since September 2002, Free contributed significantly to French ADSL boom. The offer was able to launch as soon as the incumbent was forced to stop abuse of dominant position and to apply fair wholesale prices.[12]

Free bundled ADSL offer milestones
Date Technology Down ATM Up ATM
2002-09-19[4] ADSL 512 kbit/s 128 kbit/s
2003-12-12[13] ADSL 1024 kbit/s 128 kbit/s
2004-07-27[14] ADSL 2048 kbit/s 128 kbit/s
2005-02-09[15] ADSL 10 Mbit/s 320 kbit/s
2005-07-20[16] ADSL 10 Mbit/s 1 Mbit/s
2008-03-20[17] ADSL2+ 22 Mbit/s 1 Mbit/s

2004–2006: Unbundled ADSL and "triple play"

See also: Local-loop unbundling

Unbundling, in France, refers to the obligation for the incumbent carrier France Telecom to lease the local loop, because it is a natural monopoly. Although the unbundling process was intended to start by 2000, the actual unbundling process actually started at the end of 2002, after a long conflict between the French regulation authority ARCEP and the non-cooperative incumbent.[18]

Free has to pay a rental fee of €9 per month and per subscriber to the incumbent for the twisted pair of copper between the area central office and the subscriber premises.[19] Although more expensive than the real cost of €7.63,[20] this solution is still far more profitable than the bundled option.

Since January 2003, a Freenaut has maintained an unofficial website, showing figures and graphics about Free unbundled network deployment (Free Unbundling).[21] Another Freenaut website has provided network status monitoring maps Unbundling status and location[22] since the end of 2003. These initiatives are made possible thanks to the transparency of Free's network: their equipment replies to ping and has a meaningful reverse DNS.

Free unbundled ADSL offer milestones
Date Technologies Down ATM Up ATM
2003-11-27[6] ADSL 1024 kbit/s 256 kbit/s
2003-12-12[13] ADSL 2048 kbit/s 256 kbit/s
2004-06-04[23] ADSL 5 Mbit/s 350 kbit/s
2004-08-24[24] ADSL 6 Mbit/s 1 Mbit/s
2004-10-20[25] ADSL2+ 15 Mbit/s 1 Mbit/s
2005-01-06[26] ADSL2+ 20 Mbit/s 1 Mbit/s
2005-11-08[27] ADSL2+ 24 Mbit/s 1 Mbit/s
2006-07-26[28] 28 Mbit/s 1 Mbit/s
2007-06-21[29] 28 Mbit/s 1 Mbit/s

2007–present: Fiber to the home

See also: Fiber-optic communication
Free FTTH deployment milestones
Date Technology Down IP Up IP Deployment
2006-09-11[30] Iliad P2P[31] 50 Mbit/s 50 Mbit/s One NRO and some testers in Paris
2007-08-31[32] Iliad P2P[31] 100 Mbit/s 50 Mbit/s Some NROs and few subscribers in Paris[31]
2008-06-26[32] Iliad P2P[31] 100 Mbit/s 50 Mbit/s Inauguration of Montpellier FTTH network[33]
2009-12-01[32] Iliad P2P[31] 100 Mbit/s 50 Mbit/s Inauguration of Valenciennes FTTH network[34]

On 11 November 2006, Free announced the deployment of a new fiber to the home (FTTH) network for its subscribers.[30] The initial plan's goal is to cover Paris as well as some towns in the Paris suburbs and selected neighborhoods in other French cities by 2012. By December 2007, the work was 30% finished, and the remaining work was progressing "at a furious pace".[9]

On 31 August 2007, Free updated the offer with more details. Download bandwidth shall be 100 Mbit/s and TV services shall be available for two televisions, at the same price of €29.99/month.[32]

Free has developed its own fiber network technology, called Iliad P2P, based on Ethernet in the First Mile and having a point to point (P2P) topology.[31] High curvature optic fibers are manufactured by the Dutch company Draka.[35][36]

The deployment is still essentially in the horizontal phase (the vertical phase being connection to the subscriber premises), and large-scale deployment to customers is foreseen.[37] On 26 June 2008, Maxime Lombardini [fr] and the mayor inaugurated Free's FTTH network in a district of Montpellier.[33]

In March 2008, Iliad made the commitment to cover Paris at 75% by the second half of 2009, and reiterated its goal to connect 4 million French homes to its own FTTH network by 2012.[38] Significant volumes of subscribers will be connected as soon as the legislative framework is in place,[39] expected by ARCEP for autumn 2009.[40][41]

Offers

Voiceband

Extent

The Voiceband Dial-up internet access offer counts for a very small number of subscribers currently, as 98% of French homes were eligible for ADSL in 2006.[42]

Pricing

Free began its activities with the famous free-of-charge Internet access, although data phone calls fees are not included. Another offer combines an Internet access with 50 hours of data phone calls for 14.94 euros per month.

Freebox offer

Initially, Freebox was the name of the Freebox device, which consists of the Set-top box and Modem. Because of the device's popularity and reputation, it eventually became the name of the offer.

Services

Internet access

Early IPv6 deployment
See also: IPv6

According to a study published by Google at the RIPE meeting in October 2008, Free is probably the largest native IPv6 ISP in the World.[45] By end 2008, almost all French IPv6 traffic measured in the study comes from Free customers.[45]

Free deployed the IPv6 infrastructure in only 5 weeks, from 7 November to 11 December 2007, thanks to an innovative 6rd (IPv6 rapid deployment) proposal by Rémi Després.[44]

Wi-Fi community network

In May 2009 Free reconfigured the set-top boxes to act as Wi-Fi hotspots by default. With over 3 million hotspots,[46] it is thought to be the largest Wi-Fi hotspot network in the world during that time. They require authentication which makes them only accessible to Free's ADSL and now mobile customers. Their main use is thus to let customers away from home continue accessing the Internet using the ADSL connection of other Free customer within Wi-Fi range. For security reasons this access is isolated from the ADSL user's normal Wi-Fi network, and is given lower priority.

Telephone

Included telephone calls
Included international phone calls
Date Number of destinations at no extra cost
Landline Mobiles
July 2003[5]

1 (Metropolitan France, un-bundled subscribers only)

0
March 2004[47]

1 (Metropolitan France, all subscribers since then)

0
December 2005[48]

15 (Austria, Australia, Canada, China, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, United Kingdom, United States)

2 (United States and Canada)
June 2006[49]

26 (Taiwan, Norway, Canary Islands, Jersey, Greece...)

2
January 2007[50]

49 (Turkey, Poland, Luxembourg, Russia, Japan...)

2
September 2007[51]

70 (Peru, Venezuela, South Korea, New Zealand...)

2
February 2009[52][53]

100 (India, South Africa, Laos, Colombia, Indonesia...)

2
December 2009[54]

103 (Morocco, Paraguay, Trinidad and Tobago)

2

In 2003, Free introduced unlimited phone calls at no additional price, while other phone operators or ISPs charged per-minute fees for telephone calls.[5] Competitors have then been forced to imitate these changes, but with fewer destinations included or at an additional price.[8][2] Bundled Free subscribers enjoy same free calls as those unbundled since March 2004.[47] Calls to United States and Canada have been free of charge since December 2005.[48]

In 2006, Free and France Telecom were in conflict against an unfair increase of Neuf Cegetel own termination tariff, aimed at undermining unlimited phone offers in France. The French regulator ARCEP then decided to apply a threshold for call termination.[55] Unlimited free phone calls have been perennial in France since then.

Telephone services

A wide range of telephone services are provided at no additional cost, such as an online answering machine, ringback tone customization, call transfer, caller ID, inbound and outbound call filtering, conference calls, and Wi-Fi voice SIP.[56]

Since April 2007, each customer has been assigned a fax number in addition to the traditional phone number. This additional line is dedicated to the online faxing service.[57]

Television

IPTV leader

According to a study published in 2008 by Light Reading,[58] Free is by far the largest IPTV carrier in the World.[59] This fact is also confirmed by the TV Markets Quarterly Monitoring.[7]

ARDP protocol creator

Access rights of television channels are applied securely without requiring any smartcard, thanks to the ARDP[60] protocol created by Free and submitted to the community through the IETF.

Freebox device

The sole property of Free, the Freebox device is loaned to the customer for the duration of the ADSL contract. More than a simple ADSL modem, it is the primary conduit through which Free provides many of its services. It also replaces many devices that customers may otherwise have to purchase and thus provides added value of its own. Customers wishing to use newer models – such as the Freebox Revolution – must pay an extra fee.

The latest revision is actually composed of two parts:

  • A 'Server' device which houses an ADSL / optical fiber modem, 4 port gigabit switch, 802.11n/b/g Wifi access point/hotspot, powerline networking, router, 250 GB NAS (extensible through USB and eSATA), wired and DECT wireless phone base, UPnP media server and more.
  • A 'Player' set-top box which acts as an HD DVB recorder (using the Freebox Server NAS), TV over internet player, Blu-ray player, gaming console equipped with a gamepad and motion sensing remote, web browser.

Other services

Corporate affairs

Free head office in Paris.

Market share

See also: Internet in France

Since August 2008, the parent company Iliad (including Free and Alice brands) is the second-largest ISP in France. The leader is Orange (former state monopoly company France Telecom), and the third is SFR.

In 2007 (a major consolidation year in the French broadband market), Free was the only ISP brand to gain market share.[63]

Free was the second-largest French ISP until end June 2007, when competitor Neuf Cegetel acquired Club Internet [fr] (T-Online France).[64] Neuf Cegetel used to grow essentially by purchasing its competitors, until it was itself absorbed by SFR. Until 2009, Free has always had a higher organic growth than Neuf Cegetel and SFR.[65]

Iliad regained its second place after buying "Alice Telecom" from Telecom Italia in the summer of 2008.[66]

Until the purchase of Alice France,[66] Free's subscribers growth was exclusively organic, except for the strategic acquisition of the CitéFibre [fr] FTTH ISP in 2006 (about 500 subscribers).[67]

Free broadband subscribers and market share since 2002
Year Free Broadband subscribers ADSL subscribers in France Broadband subscribers in France
Bundled Unbundled Total[68] Unbundling ratio Total[69] Free market share Total[69] Free market share
2002 95,000 3,000 98,000 3.1% 1,361,377 7.2%
2003 320,000 153,000 473,000 32.4% 2,967,434 15.9%
2004 500,000 549,000 1,049,000 52.4% 6,072,723 17.2% 6,529,997 16.0%
2005[70] 475,000 1,120,000 1,595,000 70.2% 8,881,875 17,9% 9,500,000 16,8%
2006[70] 548,000 1,730,000 2,278,000 75.9% 12,019,000 19.0% 12,700,000 17.9%
2007[37] 537,000 2,367,000 2,904,000 81.5% 14,741,000 19.7% 15,550,000 18.7%
2008[71] 901,132 3,323,868 4,225,000 78.7% 16,804,000 25.1% 17,819,000 23.7%
2009[72] 651,000 3,805,000 4,456,000 85.4% 18,500,000 24.1% 19,690,000 22.6%

Profitability

See also: Local-loop unbundling

Free claims to be the first profitable ISP in France[4] and to have the lowest subscriber acquisition cost amongst French operators.[70]

The unbundling ratio is one of the key strategic figures:

Because of bandwidth cost,[19] only a subset of the TV services is offered to bundled subscribers; while unbundled subscribers can access value-added services such as VOD and Subscription VOD. These services' revenues are constantly increasing.[39][73]

In 2007, Free had the greatest EBITDA margin of the sector in Europe, was the only actor to gain market share in France and had a debt ratio 10 times lower than the industry average. Thanks to these assets, the initial FTTH deployment (targeted at 2012) will be entirely self-financed by existing activities.[38]

Although investors are concerned about the investments in both the 3G mobile network and an FTTH network (1 billion euros each),[74] the perspectives of Free and of the whole sector in Europe are promising according to analysts.[75]

Logos and slogans

  • The original logo featuring a jumping character and the first slogan.
    The original logo featuring a jumping character and the first slogan.
  • The simplified logo, used since 2006.
    The simplified logo, used since 2006.
Year Slogan (translation) Original French slogan
1999 Freedom does not have a price La Liberté n'a pas de Prix
2007 Play on words: "It's all included" or, alternatively, "It's all well understood" C'est tout compris
2008 Without doubt the best offer since a long time Sans doute la meilleure offre depuis bien longtemps
2009 He has Free, he has all included (wordplay: all included/understood ) Il a Free, il a tout compris
2011 Feel Free[76]
2012 Thanks Free! Merci Free !

Criticism

On 3 January 2013 at 4pm in France, Free released a new firmware for its latest modem named "Revolution" which contained an advertisement blocker. The firmware of the modems was updated when rebooting, and the Ad filtering was enabled by default. Within a few hours, Free gained media attention and was strongly criticized by website editors for penalizing them instead of Free's target Google. On 7 January at 8.30am, the Ad filtering was removed before Free ultimately decided, on 17 January at 6pm, to include the Ad filter and disable it by default. However, customers who restarted their modem between 3 and 7 January had enabled the option without even knowing it.

Since Free is one of the biggest ISP in France, worries started to raise of French hosting forums concerning the people's interest into Ad blockers in general.

See also

General

  • Free Mobile − Mobile broadband company
  • Freebox − First "triple play" set-top box in the world

Services

  • FreeWifi [fr] – large WiFi community
  • TV Perso [fr] – personal television service (TV2.0) on TV

References

  1. ^ "Vive la High-Speed Internet". 18 July 2007. Archived from the original on 3 December 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
  2. ^ a b "In Europe, VoIP Grows & Grows". 6 March 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
  3. ^ "Multiple Play: Pricing and Policy Trends" (PDF) (Press release). OECD. 25 April 2006. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
  4. ^ a b c "Free launches unlimited broadband Internet at dial-up prices" (PDF) (Press release) (in French). Iliad. 19 September 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
  5. ^ a b c "Free introduces free telephone calls" (PDF) (Press release) (in French). Iliad. 31 July 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
  6. ^ a b "Free launches digital television" (PDF) (Press release) (in French). Iliad. 27 November 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
  7. ^ a b "Top European IPTV drivers". 11 March 2008. Archived from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
  8. ^ a b "The Telecom Exploits of Iliad". 5 December 2005. Archived from the original on 30 April 2006. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
  9. ^ a b "Xavier Niel, France's Broadband Maverick". 21 December 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
  10. ^ a b "Internet gratuit : Free, un indépendant sur le marché de la fourniture d'accès" (in French). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 20 March 2008.
  11. ^ a b "Free, accès en V92" (PDF) (Press release) (in French). Iliad. 27 February 2002. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  12. ^ "Price abuses by Wanadoo Interactive" (Press release). European Commission. 16 July 2003. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
  13. ^ a b "Free, disponible partout en France" (PDF) (Press release) (in French). Iliad. 12 December 2003. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  14. ^ "Free, 2 Mbit/s minimum sur toute la France" (PDF) (Press release) (in French). Iliad. 27 July 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  15. ^ "Free, jusqu'à 10 Mbit/s pour les non dégroupés" (PDF) (Press release) (in French). Iliad. 9 February 2005. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  16. ^ "Free, jusqu'à 1 Mbit/s en upload pour les non dégroupés" (PDF) (Press release) (in French). Iliad. 20 July 2005. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
  17. ^ "Free offers up to 22 Mbps for the same price (29.99 euros a month) in non-unbundled areas" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 20 March 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2008. Retrieved 20 March 2008.
  18. ^ "Le dégroupage de la boucle locale" (in French). 17 September 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
  19. ^ a b c "Barcelona – TMT Conference Results and Strategy Presentation" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 21 November 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  20. ^ "Actualité / Les titres de la presse du mardi 20 janvier 2009" (in French). ARCEP. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2009.
  21. ^ francois04.free.fr (in French)
  22. ^ frimousse.org (in French)
  23. ^ "Free, jusqu'à 5 Mbit/s" (PDF) (Press release) (in French). Iliad. 4 June 2004. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  24. ^ "Free, jusqu'à 6 Mbit/s" (PDF) (Press release) (in French). Iliad. 24 August 2004. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  25. ^ "Free, jusqu'à 15 Mbit/s grace à l'ADSL2+" (PDF) (Press release) (in French). Iliad. 20 October 2004. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  26. ^ "Free, jusqu'à 20 Mbit/s" (PDF) (Press release) (in French). Iliad. 6 January 2005. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  27. ^ "Free, jusqu'à 24 Mbit/s" (PDF) (Press release) (in French). Iliad. 8 November 2005. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  28. ^ "Free is increasing its Internet bandwidth for unbundled Freebox subscribers, offering speeds up to 28 Mbit/s" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 26 July 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  29. ^ "Freebox: New Broadband Software is Optimizing the Quality of Triple Play Services" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 21 June 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2007. Retrieved 23 February 2008.
  30. ^ a b "As of the 1st half 2007, Free will market a very high speed optical fibre service for 29.99€/month" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 11 September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
  31. ^ a b c d e f "Pourquoi Free peine à déployer son réseau de fibre optique" (in French). 31 October 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
  32. ^ a b c d "Free's FTTH Offer: Internet Access at a Speed of 100 Mbp/s, Telephony and TV Services Available on 2 Televisions for 29.99€/month" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 31 August 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
  33. ^ a b "Free inaugure le FTTH" (in French). 26 June 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
  34. ^ "Free unveiled today its FTTH (Fibre To The Home) network in Valenciennes, France" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 4 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
  35. ^ "Rencontre avec Draka, le fibreur de Free" (in French). 20 June 2008. Archived from the original on 29 June 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
  36. ^ "La fibre optique se plie aux exigences parisiennes de Free" (in French). 30 June 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
  37. ^ a b "2007 Revenues" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 11 February 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
  38. ^ a b "Interview Thomas Reynaud" (in French). 14 March 2008. Archived from the original on 20 March 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
  39. ^ a b "2007 Results: Press Release" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 12 March 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
  40. ^ "ARCEP held a meeting with the main operators involved in optical fibre rollouts in France". ARCEP. 20 January 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  41. ^ "ARCEP defines the terms of optical fibre rollouts to stimulate investment". ARCEP. 22 June 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  42. ^ "ARCEP letter 52" (PDF) (in French). ARCEP. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  43. ^ "Free deploys IPv6" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 12 December 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 13 September 2008.
  44. ^ a b Després, Rémi (January 2010). IPv6 Rapid Deployment on IPv4 Infrastructures (6rd). Independent Submission, IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC5569. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 5569.
  45. ^ a b Gunderson, Steinar (24 October 2008). "Global IPv6 Statistics" (PDF). p. 20. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
  46. ^ "Hotspots FreeWifi".
  47. ^ a b "Unlimited Free National and Local Calls for All Free ADSL Subscribers !" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 18 March 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
  48. ^ a b "Free Phone Calls to the Most Frequently Called Countries with Freebox" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 15 December 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
  49. ^ "Unlimited calls to landline numbers in Guadeloupe and Martinique included in the Freebox package" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 11 June 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
  50. ^ "Unlimited calls to landline phones in 20 new international destinations and La Réunion included in the Freebox plan (29.99 euros per month)" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 19 January 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
  51. ^ "21 new destinations included in the Freebox package" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 10 September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
  52. ^ "17 new destinations included in the Freebox flat rate package" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 13 January 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2009.
  53. ^ "Téléphone illimité" (in French). Free. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  54. ^ "Free includes unlimited calls to Morocco !" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 22 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
  55. ^ "Freebox: final confirmation that calls to landline numbers in France are to be free!" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 1 June 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2008.
  56. ^ "Services de téléphonie" (in French). Free. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  57. ^ "Freebox becomes also a fax" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 25 April 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  58. ^ "French Dominate IPTV Top Ten". 14 January 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
  59. ^ "Top Ten IPTV Carriers". 14 January 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
  60. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  61. ^ "Univers Freebox teste Zimbra, le nouveau webmail des Freenautes" (in French). Universfreebox.com. 20 April 2008. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
  62. ^ "Capacity of personal pages hosted by Free now 10 GB" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 21 June 2006. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  63. ^ a b "2007 Results: Slide Show" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 12 March 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
  64. ^ "Neuf Cegetel Mass Market broadband customers top the 3 million mark" (PDF) (Press release). Neuf Cegetel. 2 July 2007. Retrieved 23 February 2008.
  65. ^ "SFR tient sa revanche sur Internet" (in French). 1 September 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2009.[permanent dead link‍]
  66. ^ a b "Iliad has completed the acquisition of Alice France from Telecom Italia" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 26 August 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
  67. ^ "Iliad announces the acquisition of CiteFibre" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 20 October 2006. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  68. ^ "Iliad annual reports". Iliad.
  69. ^ a b "High-speed Internet Observatory". ARCEP.
  70. ^ a b c "2006 Revenues" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 7 February 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  71. ^ "2008 Revenues" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 12 February 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
  72. ^ "2009 Revenues" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 11 February 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
  73. ^ a b c "3Q 2007 Revenues" (PDF) (Press release). Iliad. 29 October 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  74. ^ "Iliad : des performances sans équivalents en Europe" (in French). 20 March 2009. Retrieved 30 March 2009.[dead link‍]
  75. ^ "European Telecoms Operators in Strong Position to Ride Out Recession". 10 March 2009. Retrieved 30 March 2009.[permanent dead link‍]
  76. ^ "Free : Mr Easy remplace Rodolphe et change de slogan (vidéos)". 5 January 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Free (company).

Read other articles:

JoJo (penyanyi)

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang penyanyi yang lahir pada tahun 1990. Untuk penyanyi yang lahir pada tahun 2003, lihat JoJo Siwa. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Jojo (disambiguasi). JoJoJoJo selama di acara promosi Moulin Rouge di AS pada tahun 2023.Informasi latar belakangNama lahirJoanna Noëlle LevesqueLahir20 Desember 1990 (umur 33)Brattleboro, Vermont, Amerika Serikat.AsalFoxborough, Massachusetts, Amerika Serikat.GenrePopR&Bhip hopPekerjaan Penyanyi Penulis lagu Aktris InstrumenV...

 

 

Kolektivisme

Artikel ini perlu dikembangkan dari artikel terkait di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris. (Maret 2023) klik [tampil] untuk melihat petunjuk sebelum menerjemahkan. Lihat versi terjemahan mesin dari artikel bahasa Inggris. Terjemahan mesin Google adalah titik awal yang berguna untuk terjemahan, tapi penerjemah harus merevisi kesalahan yang diperlukan dan meyakinkan bahwa hasil terjemahan tersebut akurat, bukan hanya salin-tempel teks hasil terjemahan mesin ke dalam Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia. Janga...

 

 

Candi Tawangalun

Candi TawangalunBanguanan Candi Tawangalun dari samping.Location within JawaInformasi umumGaya arsitekturCandi Jawa TimuranKotaSidoarjo, Jawa TimurNegaraIndonesia Candi Tawangalun adalah peninggalan masa klasik yang terletak di Kabupaten Sidoarjo.[1] Lokasi Candi ini berlokasi di Sedati, Kabupaten Sidoarjo, Jawa Timur, Candi ini termasuk dalam cagar budaya. Sejarah Candi ini merupakan candi peninggalan yang paling di anak tirikan oleh pemerintah, kata Pak Saiful juru kunci dan yang be...

Lion Air Group

Lion Air Group IATA ICAO Kode panggil * Lion Air : JT Wings Air : IW Batik Air : ID Super Air Jet : IU Batik Air Malaysia : OD Thai Lion Air : SL * Lion Air : LNI Wings Air : WON Batik Air : BTK Super Air Jet : SJV Batik Air Malaysia : MXD Thai Lion Air : TLM * Lion Air : LION INTER Wings Air : WINGS ABADI Batik Air : BATIK Super Air Jet : PROSPER Batik Air Malaysia : MALINDO Thai Lion Air : MENTARI Anak...

 

 

رياضة الذاكرة

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) رياضة الذاكرة، ويشار إليها أحيانا باسم الذاكرة التنافسية أو رياضة عقل الذاكرة، هي المنافسة التي يحاول ا�...

 

 

Two Prudential Plaza

Skyscraper in the Loop area of Chicago, Illinois This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Two Prudential Plaza – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Two Prudential PlazaTwo Prudential Plaza in May 2016Location within Chicago metropolitan a...

Ellen King

Ellen King Nazionalità  Regno Unito Nuoto Specialità 100 m dorso Palmarès  Olimpiadi Argento Amsterdam 1928 100 m do Argento Amsterdam 1928 4x100 m sl  Europei Oro Bologna 1927 4x100 m sl Statistiche aggiornate al 21 giugno 2008 Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Ellen Elizabeth King (Renfrew, 16 gennaio 1909 – Parkgate, 3 febbraio 1994) è stata una nuotatrice britannica. Specializzata nel dorso ha vinto la medaglia d'argento nei 100 m...

 

 

5-та батальйонна тактична група (Україна)

5-та батальйонна тактична група Емблема групиЗасновано 31 грудня 2014 (9 років)Країна  УкраїнаВид  Десантні військаУ складі  81 ОАеМБрБазування Полтавська областьс. ТерентіївкаВійськові конфлікти Війна на сході України Бої за Донецький аеропорт Російське вт...

 

 

1868 United States elections

1868 United States elections← 1866          1867          1868          1869          1870 → Presidential election yearElection dayNovember 3Incumbent presidentAndrew Johnson (Independent)[1]Next Congress41stPresidential electionPartisan controlRepublican gainPopular vote marginRepublican +5.4%Electoral voteUlysses S. Gran...

Fatahillah Square

Fatahillah Square, the restored 18th-century water pump, and the Jakarta History Museum. Fatahillah Square (Indonesian: Taman Fatahillah) is the historical center of the old Batavia. The square is located at the center of Jakarta Old Town. Today the square is a tourist area home to the Jakarta History Museum, Wayang Museum and Fine Art and Ceramics Museum in Kota, Jakarta. History Pre-1632 layout From the beginning of its foundation, Batavia was a well-planned Dutch forted city.[1] Th...

 

 

Kermit the Frog

Muppet character This article is about the Muppet. For the frog species called kermit frog, see Hyalinobatrachium dianae. Fictional character Kermit the FrogThe Muppets/Sesame Street characterFirst appearanceSam and Friends (1955)[1]Created byJim HensonVoiced byJim Henson (1955–1990)Steve Whitmire (1990–2016)Matt Vogel (2017–present)[2] Other:Frank Welker (Muppet Babies (1984), animated segments in Little Muppet Monsters, Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue)Performed byJim H...

 

 

Merrimack College

Private college in North Andover, Massachusetts, U.S. Merrimack CollegeMottoPer Scientiam Ad Sapientiam (Latin)Motto in EnglishThrough Knowledge to WisdomTypePrivate universityEstablished1947Religious affiliationCatholic (Order of Saint Augustine)Academic affiliationsNAICU AICUM ACCU[1]Endowment$53.6 million (2020)[2]PresidentChristopher E. Hopey[3]Academic staff220Administrative staff330Students5,418 (2020)[4]Undergraduates4,202 (2020)[4]Postgradu...

Mayfair

Area of central London, England For other uses, see Mayfair (disambiguation). Human settlement in EnglandMayfairThe Biltmore Mayfair overlooking Grosvenor SquareMayfairShow map of City of WestminsterMayfairLocation within Greater LondonShow map of Greater LondonOS grid referenceTQ285807Ceremonial countyGreater LondonRegionLondonCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townLONDONPostcode districtW1Dialling code020UK ParliamentWestminster List of places...

 

 

Munisipalitas Bled

Munisipalitas Bled Občina BledMunisipalitasNegara SloveniaIbu kotaBledLuas • Total72 km2 (28 sq mi)Populasi (2013) • Total8.171 • Kepadatan110/km2 (290/sq mi)Kode ISO 3166-2SI-003Situs webhttp://obcina.bled.si/ Munisipalitas Bled adalah salah satu dari 212 munisipalitas di Slovenia. Kode ISO 3166-2 munisipalitas yang beribu kota di Bled ini adalah SI-003. Menurut sensus 2013, jumlah penduduk munisipalitas yang luasnya 72 kilom...

 

 

Leduc No. 1

Crude oil discovery in Alberta, Canada in Alberta, CanadaLeduc No. 1Leduc #1 wellTypecrude oil discovery in Alberta, CanadaLocationAlberta, CanadaNearest cityLeduc CountyEstablished1990Built1946Governing bodyParks CanadaWebsitehttp://www.canadianenergymuseum.ca/ National Historic Site of Canada Leduc No. 1 was a major crude oil discovery made near Leduc, Alberta, Canada, on February 13, 1947. It provided the geological key to Alberta's most prolific conventional oil reserves and resulted in ...

Sermon on the Mount

Collection of sayings and teachings of Jesus Sermon on the Mount by Carl Bloch (1877) Events in theLife of Jesusaccording to the canonical gospels Early life Annunciation Visitation Joseph's dreams Nativity Virgin birth Annunciation to the Shepherds Adoration of the Shepherds Circumcision Adoration of the Magi Flight into Egypt Massacre of the Innocents Presentation Return to Nazareth Finding in the Temple Ministry Baptism Temptation Commissioning the Twelve Apostles Sermon on the Mount / Pla...

 

 

صالون هدى

صالون هدى النوع فيلم دراما[1]  إخراج هاني أبو أسعد  بطولة علي سليمان،  وميساء عبد الهادي،  وكامل الباشا  البلد دولة فلسطين مصر هولندا قطر  لغة العمل العربية  IMDb.com صفحة البرنامج  السينما.كوم 2064893  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   صالون هدى هو فيلم إثارة أُنتج ...

 

 

Fußball-Club St. Pauli von 1910 2010-2011

Voce principale: Fußball-Club St. Pauli von 1910. Fußball-Club St. Pauli von 1910Stagione 2010-2011Sport calcio Squadra St. Pauli Allenatore Holger Stanislawski All. in seconda André Trulsen Bundesliga18° Coppa di GermaniaPrimo turno Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Kruse, Lehmann (33)Totale: Kruse, Lehmann (34) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Asamoah (6)Totale: Asamoah (6) StadioMillerntor-Stadion Maggior numero di spettatori24 487 (6 partite) Minor numero di spettatori23 794 vs...

Cheese curd

Unaged curdled milk product This article is about cheese curds as a regional delicacy. For general information about the dairy product, see curd. For information about the role of curds in cheese processing, see cheese curd processing. Cuisine of Quebec Products Maple Maple syrup Maple butter Maple taffy Maple sugar Cheese Cheese curds Oka Ermite Drinks Wine Beer Ice cider Montreal Steak Spice Dishes Betteraves marinées Cipâte Cretons Hot chicken Fèves au lard French Canadian pea soup Mont...

 

 

Schwarze Romantik

Sexualität und Tod, zwei Hauptmotive der Schwarzen Romantik (Gemälde von Antoine Wiertz, 1847) Die Schwarze Romantik (auch Schauerromantik, Negative Romantik oder Dunkle Romantik) war eine Unterströmung, die innerhalb der Romantik am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts aufkam. Die Schwarze Romantik umfasst Werke aus Literatur und Kunst. Typische Motive der Schwarzen Romantik sind unter anderem das Unheimliche, Dämonische, Abgründige in der menschlichen Psyche bis hin zum Wahnsinn, Erotik und ...