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The Most Excellent
Francisco Serrano
*Duke of la Torre*
The Most Excellent Francisco Serrano Duke of la Torre
	Portrait by Nadar
Regent of Spain
	In office; 18 June 1869 – 2 January 1870
Preceded by	Isabella II of Spain (as Queen)
Succeeded by	Amadeo I of Spain (as King)
President of Spain
	In office; 3 January 1874 – 29 December 1874
Prime Minister	Himself; Juan de Zavala; Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
Preceded by	Emilio Castelar
Succeeded by	Alfonso XII (as King)
Prime Minister of Spain
	In office; 3 January 1874 – 26 February 1874
President	Himself
Preceded by	Emilio Castelar
Succeeded by	Juan de Zavala
	In office; 26 May 1872 – 13 June 1872
Monarch	Amadeo I
Preceded by	Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
Succeeded by	Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla
	In office; 4 January 1871 – 24 July 1871
Monarch	Amadeo I
Preceded by	Juan Bautista Topete (interim)
Succeeded by	Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla
	In office; 3 October 1868 – 18 June 1869
Monarch	Amadeo I
Preceded by	José Gutiérrez de la Concha
Succeeded by	Juan Prim
Personal details
Born	17 December 1810; Isla de León, Spain
Died	25 November 1885 (aged 74); Madrid, Spain
Spouse	Antonia Domínguez y Borrell (1850⁠–⁠1885)
Signature

Francisco Serrano Domínguez, 1st Duke of la Torre, Grandee of Spain, Count of San Antonio (17 December 1810 – 25 November 1885) was a Spanish marshal and statesman. He was Prime Minister of Spain in 1868–69 and regent in 1869–70.

Early life and education

Serrano was born on 17 December 1810 in the Isla de León (current day San Fernando),^[1] in the Bay of Cádiz. He was son of Francisco Serrano y Cuenca and Isabel Domínguez de Guevara Vasconcelos.^[1] His father, born in Lopera, parish of Purísima Concepción, was a general officer and a Liberal. His mother was born in Marbella circa 1780.

Serrano began his studies at Vergara in the Basque provinces.

Military career

Following his father into the military, he became a cadet in 1822 in the Sagunto regiment,^[1] cornet in 1833 in the lancers of Sagunto, and passed into the carabiniers in 1829. When the Carlist agitation began in 1833, he transferred into the cuirassiers. He formed part of the escort that accompanied Don Carlos, the first pretender and brother of Ferdinand VII, to the frontier of Portugal.^[2]

As aide-de-camp of Espoz y Mina, then under the orders of generals Córdova and Espartero, in the armies of Queen Isabella, Serrano took such an active part in the First Carlist War from 1834 to 1839, that he rose from the rank of captain to that of brigadier-general. He was awarded the Cross of San Fernando and many medals. He was also granted the 155th Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword.^[2]

In 1839, he was elected as a member of Cortes for the first time for Málaga. In 1840 he was promoted to the rank of general of division and commander of the district of Valencia, which he relinquished to take his seat in congress.

Political career

From that day Serrano became one of the chief military politicians of Spain. In 1841, he helped Espartero to overthrow the regency of Maria Christina of Bourbon-Sicily. In 1843, at Barcelona he made a pronunciamiento against Espartero. He was appointed as the minister of war in the cabinet of Joaquín María López y López, which convoked the Cortes that declared Queen Isabella of age at thirteen. He served in the same capacity in an Olozaga cabinet, sulked as long as the Moderates (Moderados) were in office.

In 1845, he was appointed as a senator, and in 1848 as captain-general of Granada. From 1846 to 1853, he was away from politics, living on his Andalusian estates or traveling abroad.^[2]

On 29 September 1850 in Madrid, Serrano married his first cousin, Antonia Domínguez y Borrell, Guevara y Lemus, 2nd Countess of San Antonio,^{[n. 1]} with whom he had five children.

Serrano assisted Marshal Leopoldo O'Donnell in the military movements of 1854 and 1856, and was his staunch follower for twelve years.

Captain-General of Cuba

O'Donnell appointed Serrano as marshal in 1856 and captain-general of Cuba from 1859 to 1862. Serrano governed that island with success, and helped carry out the war in Santo Domingo. He was the first viceroy to advocate political and financial reforms in the colony.^[2]

Return to the Peninsula

On his return to Peninsular Spain, O'Donnell made him Duke of la Torre (Duque de la Torre), Grandee of Spain of the first class, and the 139th Minister of Foreign Affairs, serving from 18 January to 2 March 1863. Serrano risked his life in helping O'Donnell quell the insurrection of 22 June 1866 at Madrid. He was awarded with the Order of the Golden Fleece.

After the death of O'Donnell, Serrano became the leader of the Liberal Union Party. As president of the senate, he assisted Ríos Rosas to draw up a petition to Queen Isabella against her Moderate ministers, for which both were exiled.^[2]

The Glorious Revolution

Serrano began to conspire with Antoine, Duke of Montpensier, Prim and Sagasta. On 7 July 1868, González Bravo had Serrano and other generals arrested and taken to the Canary Islands. There Serrano remained until Admiral Topete sent a steamer to bring him to Cadiz on 18 September that same year.

On landing he signed the manifesto of the revolution with Prim, Topete, Sagasta, Martos and others, and accepted the command of the revolutionary army. He routed the troops of Queen Isabella under the orders of the Marquess of Novaliches at the bridge of Alcolea. The queen fled to France, and Serrano, having entered Madrid, formed a Provisional Government.

1868–1871 Provisional Government

In February 1869, he convoked the Cortes Constituyentes; he was appointed successively as president of the executive, Prime Minister of Spain, and Regent from 3 October 1868 to 18 June 1869. Serrano ruled impartially, respecting the independence of the Cortes and cabinets. He acceded to their selection of Amadeus I of Savoy as king, although he would have preferred Montpensier.^[2]

As soon as Amadeus reached Madrid, after the death of Prim, Serrano consented to form a coalition cabinet, which lasted only a few months. Serrano resigned and took the command of the Italian king's army against the Carlists in northern Spain. He tried to form one more cabinet under King Amadeus as the 65th Prime Minister of Spain on 6 June 1872, but resigned on 12 June when that monarch declined to give his ministers dictatorial powers and sent for Ruiz Zorrilla. His mistakes led to Amadeus abdicating the throne on 11 February 1873.

Conspirations against the Republic

Serrano opposed the federal republic, and conspired with other generals and politicians to overthrow it on 23 April 1873. Having failed, he went into exile in France. On the eve of his coup d'état of 3 January 1874 that sought to thwart the Federal Republic, the leading instigator, the General Manuel Pavía, sent for Serrano to take the leadership.^[2]

Dictatorship of Serrano

Serrano again took the title of president of the executive; he tried to form a coalition cabinet, but Cristino Martos and Sagasta soon quarrelled. His next cabinet was presided over by Sagasta. The military and political unrest continued, and at the end of December 1874, the Bourbons were restored by another pronunciamiento.

During the eleven months he remained in office, Serrano devoted his attention chiefly to the reorganization of finance, the renewal of relations with American and European powers, and the suppression of revolt.^[2]

Later life

After Alfonso XII ascended the throne in 1875, Serrano spent some time in France. He returned to Madrid in 1876, attended palace receptions, took his seat as a marshal in the senate, and flirted politically with Sagasta and his party in 1881.^[2] He finally gave his support to the formation of a dynastic Left with a democratic program defended by his nephew, General López Domínguez.

He died in Madrid on 25 November/26 November 1885, twenty-four hours after Alfonso XII,^[2] son of Isabella II, and purportedly, her husband and cousin Francis, although Alfonso's true biological paternity is uncertain.^{[n. 2]}

Notes

^ Born in Havana, baptized on 19 March 1831. Died in Biarritz, 7 January 1917. Daughter of his maternal uncle Miguel Domínguez y Guevara-Vasconcellos, Pérez de Vargas y Alburquerque (1789–1858), 1st Count of San Antonio, and María Isabel Borrell y Lemus, Padrón y de la Cruz-Jiménez (1809–1877).
^ Isabella enjoyed an active sexual life, with plenty of attributed lovers including the very same General Serrano, the singer José Mirall, the composer Emilio Arrieta, the Colonel Gándara, the captain José María Arana and the Captain of Engineers Enrique Puig Moltó.^[3]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Borrego 1892, p. 7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Houghton 1911.
^ Lozano, Balbino (29 October 2015). "Isabel II, la alegre vida de una reina". La Opinión de Zamora.

Attribution:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Houghton, A. E. (1911). "Serrano y Dominguez, Francisco". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 682–683.

Bibliography

Borrego, Andrés (1892). Historia de la vida militar y política de don Francisco Serrano y Domínguez. Madrid: Juan Iglesia Sánchez.

External links

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London and New York: Frederick Warne. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

Political offices
Preceded by Saturnino Calderón de la Barca	Minister of State 17 January 1863 – 2 March 1863	Succeeded by The Marquis of Miraflores
Preceded by Pascual Madoz	Prime Minister of Spain 3 October 1868 – 18 June 1869	Succeeded by The Marquis of los Castillejos
Vacant Title last held by The Duke of la Victoria	Regent of Spain 18 June 1869 – 27 December 1870	Vacant Title next held by Maria Christina of Austria
Preceded by Isabella II as Queen of Spain	Head of State of Spain as Regent 18 June 1869 – 27 December 1870	Succeeded by Amadeo as King of Spain
Preceded by Juan Bautista Topete	Prime Minister of Spain 4 January 1871 – 24 July 1871	Succeeded by Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla
Preceded by Juan Bautista Topete	Prime Minister of Spain 4 June 1872 – 13 June 1872	Succeeded by The Marquis of Mendigorría
Preceded by Emilio Castelar	President of the Executive Power of Spain 3 January 1874 – 30 December 1874	Office abolished Monarchy restored in 1874
	Head of State of Spain as President of the Executive Power 3 January 1874 – 30 December 1874	Succeeded by Alfonso XII as King of Spain
	President of the Provisional Government of Spain 4 January 1874 – 26 February 1874	Succeeded by The Marquis of Sierra Bullones
Government offices
Preceded by The Marquis of Havana	Captain General of Cuba 24 November 1859 – 3 December 1862	Succeeded by The Marquis of Castell-Florite
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Salustiano de Olózaga	Spanish Ambassador to France 11 January 1856 – 2 June 1856	Succeeded by Salustiano de Olózaga
Spanish nobility
New creation	Duke of la Torre 24 November 1862 – 26 November 1885	Succeeded by Francisco Serrano