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Francis Bicknell Carpenter
Francis Bicknell Carpenter
	Francis Bicknell Carpenter Daguerreotype
Born	August 6, 1830; Homer, Cortland County, New York
Died	May 23, 1900 (aged 69)
Nationality	American
Education	Sanford Thayer
Known for	Painting
Notable work	1852 to 1896 Presidential portraits & other notables

Francis Bicknell Carpenter (August 6, 1830 – May 23, 1900) was an American painter born in Homer, New York. Carpenter is best known for his painting First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln, which is hanging in the United States Capitol. Carpenter resided with President Lincoln at the White House and in 1866 published his one-volume memoir Six Months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln.^[1] Carpenter was a descendant of the New England Rehoboth Carpenter family.^[2]

Family

Carpenter was born to Asaph Harmon^[3] and Almira Clark (1801–1885). He was one of nine children.^[2]

On January 6, 1853, Francis married Augusta Herrick Prentiss (1831–1926). Francis and Augusta had the following children:

Florence Trumbell Carpenter was born on March 10, 1854, in Homer, Cortland County, NY. She died on December 30, 1899. She is number 6550 in the Carpenter Memorial on page 645. Florence married Albert Chester Ives on May 12, 1877, in New York. Albert was born about 1854 in Buffalo, NY.^[2]
Herbert Sanford Carpenter was born on May 22, 1862, in Homer, Cortland, NY. He is number 6551 in the Carpenter Memorial on page 645. Family on page 654 (# 1478). Herbert married Cora Anderson on February 13, 1894, in NY.^[2] Cora was born in Louisville, KY in 1863. She was active in the women's suffrage movement, marching in NYC suffrage demonstrations as a flagbearer from 1913 to 1917.^[4] Herbert died in 1926; Cora lived until 1960.^[5]

Education

In 1844, after showing his father a painting of his mother that the former viewed as a success, Carpenter was allowed to go to Syracuse, New York, for six months to study under Sanford Thayer. In 1848, at age 18, he was awarded a purchase prize by the American Art-Union. By the age of twenty-one, Carpenter established a studio in New York City.^[6] Carpenter was elected to the National Academy of Design as an associate member in 1852.

Early career

In 1852, Carpenter was commissioned to paint a portrait of President Millard Fillmore, a fellow upstate New Yorker born in Cayuga County. Commissions followed for portraits of Presidents Franklin Pierce and John Tyler, and other mid-19th century notables, including the clergyman Henry Ward Beecher; newspaper editor Horace Greeley; Ezra Cornell, founder of Cornell University; James Russell Lowell, poet; and John C. Frémont, the first Republican presidential candidate.^[6]

First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln

According to his memoir, Six Months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln,^[8]^[9] Carpenter was deeply moved by Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, calling it "an act unparalleled for moral grandeur in the history of mankind."^[10] Carpenter felt "an intense desire to do something expressive of appreciation of the great issues involved in the war."^[11] Carpenter, having formulated his idea for the subject of the painting and outlined its composition, fortuitously met Frederick A. Lane, a friend who recently had earned a large amount of money. Bankrolled by Lane, and through the influence of Samuel Sinclair of the New York Tribune and Representative Schuyler Colfax of Indiana, Carpenter gained Lincoln's assent to travel to Washington and work with him on the painting. Carpenter met with the President on February 6, 1864, and then began work.

Carpenter began with many sketches of Cabinet members and of Lincoln himself, working from life, as Lincoln worked, and from photographs taken by Mathew Brady of Lincoln and members of his Cabinet. Carpenter was given free access to Lincoln's White House office for the former purpose, and the State Dining Room was given him for a studio.^[1] On July 12, 1864, Lincoln led his cabinet into the State Dining Room to view the completed work.^[6]

When Lincoln had the painting exhibited to the public in the East Room of the White House, Carpenter noted that the exhibition was thronged with visitors. Carpenter campaigned for Congress to purchase the painting, enlisting the help of fellow Homer native William O. Stoddard, Lincoln's private secretary. Congress did not appropriate the money. The painting remained in Carpenter's possession until 1877, when he arranged for Elizabeth Thompson to purchase it for $25,000 and donate it to Congress. A joint session of Congress was held in 1878, on Lincoln's birthday, to serve as a reception for the painting, with the artist present.^[6]

Later career and death

Carpenter created an array of artwork depicting Lincoln and his family. In the wake of Lincoln's assassination, Carpenter published a book in 1866 titled Six Months at The White House with Abraham Lincoln. The book details Carpenter's time living in the White House, as well as his personal relationship with Lincoln and other politicians such as William Seward, Edwin Stanton and Ulysses S. Grant.^[8]

Among the notable portraits painted by Carpenter, aside from Lincoln, were those of President Fillmore and Governor Myron H. Clarke, painted in the New York City Hall; Horace Greeley (a portrait owned by the Tribune Association); Asa Packer, founder of Lehigh University; James Russell Lowell; New York banker David Leavitt; Dr. Lyman Beecher; Henry Ward Beecher and others.^[12]

By the late 1870s, Carpenter became increasingly interested in religion and spirituality; art historian Mary Bartlett Cowdrey believed "that religious obsession somehow undermined Carpenter's work". Carpenter died in New York City—a brief obituary appearing in The New York Times misstated the title of his most famous work.^[2]

Carpenter died of "dropsy" an old-fashioned term for edema^[13] on May 23, 1900, in New York and was buried in Glenwood Cemetery, Homer, Cortland County, New York.^[2]

Criticism and later exhibitions of Carpenter's work

Carpenter's legacy has been decidedly mixed, according to a retrospective of Carpenter's career written for the American Art Journal. Cowdrey attempted a full-scale biography that might have helped his reputation, but became frustrated by lack of interest on the part of Carpenter's family. Contemporary critic Henry T. Tuckerman acknowledged Carpenter's "facility in capturing a likeness" but "criticized the artist's lack of 'grace' and 'vitality'". The United States Senate Catalogue of Fine Art observes that First Reading, as it hangs today in the Capitol, contains a much weaker portrait of Lincoln than the engraving made from it. This is due to Carpenter's obsessive tinkering with the original painting while he had it in his possession.

In 2006, an exhibition of portraits by Carpenter was shown at the Center for the Arts^[14] in Homer, New York. Portraits by Carpenter of several figures of local historical interest were exhibited. Loans of the works were obtained from community members, the Phillips Free Library^[15] in Homer, and the Homer Central School District.

Portrait of Mary Lincoln

On February 12, 1929, The New York Times reported the discovery of a new painting of Mary Lincoln. It reported that this painting was by Francis Bicknell Carpenter. This painting was reproduced in different biographies and books such as Mary Lincoln: Wife and Widow by Carl Sandburg, printed in 1932.

The owner, Ludwig Pflum (aka Lew Bloom), sold it through the Milch Galleries in New York. It was acquired by Jessie Harlan Lincoln, the President's and Mary Lincoln's granddaughter. There is no record of what the painting sold for.^[16] Pflum, a former vaudeville performer who dabbled in painting on the side, as Lew Bloom, claimed the painting of Mary Lincoln had not yet been presented and done in secret at the bequest of Mrs. Lincoln by the painter Francis Carpenter. After the assassination of President Lincoln, Bloom claimed Mrs. Lincoln refused it and the painting was sold to a Philadelphia shipbuilder, Jacob G. Neafi. Bloom also claimed that after the death of Mrs. Neafie, Mr. Neafie gave the painting to Susan Bloom for her kindness and caring for Mrs. Neafie through her long illness.^[16] Bloom went on to claim that he inherited the painting from his sister after her death in 1910. As it turns out, Susan Bloom was five years old when Mrs. Neafie died in 1860.^[16]

This painting remained in the Lincoln family until 1976, later estimated at a value of about $400,000 US dollars, when it was given to the Illinois State Historical Library, now named the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum. During a 2011 restoration by art conservator Barry Bauman, it was found to be a forgery.^[16] The forgery overpainted an original oil portrait of an unknown woman, painted circa the 1860s, that was modified by painting out a crucifix, adding an Abraham Lincoln brooch with other adjustments such as forging Francis Bicknell Carpenter's signature.^[16] Bauman is quoted to say, "Not only is it not Mary Lincoln, it's not Francis Carpenter."^[16]^[17]

References

^ ^a ^b U.S. Senate Art & History site retrieved 2008
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f A Genealogical History of the Rehoboth Branch of the Carpenter Family in America. Also known as the Carpenter Memorial. Author: Amos Bugbee Carpenter (1818–1904). Published 1898 By: Press of Carpenter & Morehouse, Amherst, MA. His family is listed on page 460 (# 664). His Carpenter ancestors come from Rehoboth, MA and his immigrant ancestor was William Carpenter (born 1605 England – died February 7, 1658/1659 MA).
^ Asaph Harmon in the Carpenter Memorial but Asaph Hammam in the family bible record
^ Scherer, Carlin (March 13, 1971). ""Lady—and Patriot" [letter to editor]". Boston Globe. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
^ "Mrs. H.S. Carpenter". The New York Times. October 5, 1960. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d A Genealogical History of the Rehoboth Branch of the Carpenter Family in America. Also known as the Carpenter Memorial
^ "Art & History: First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation by President Lincoln". U.S. Senate. Retrieved August 2, 2013. Lincoln met with his cabinet on July 22, 1862, for the first reading of a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation.
^ ^a ^b Six Months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln: The Story of a Picture, New York: Hurd and Houghton (1866); also published as The Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln: Six Months at the White House, New York: Hurd and Houghton (1867).
^ According to Harold Holzer, "The Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln ... was actually nothing more than a presumptuously re-titled edition of Six Months at the White House (its text unchanged)." "Lincoln Through the Eyes of History," Lincoln Lore
^ Carpenter, pp. 10-11.
^ Carpenter, p. 12.
^ Waters, Clara Erskine Clement; Hutton, Laurence (2008-04-07). Artists of the Nineteenth Century and Their Works, Vol. I, Clara Erskine Clement Waters, Laurence Hutton, Houghton, Osgood & Company, Boston, 1879. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
^ See: Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. 2, by A. Johnson, page 510. Copyright 1995 by Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc. See also:
^ Center for the Arts
^ "Phillips Free Library - Homer, New York". Library.public-libraries.org. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Bauman, Barry. (2012) Case Study: The Demise of Mary Lincoln: An Artistic Conspiracy. [1] Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum Collection file LR 938.
^ This quote is drawn from Barry Bauman's Case Study: The Demise of Mary Lincoln: An Artistic Conspiracy. Cohen, Patricia (2012-02-11). "Mrs. Lincoln, I Presume? Well, as It Turns Out ..." The New York Times at NYTimes.com. Retrieved 2012-02-14. See portrait here.