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Frances
Frances
	Theatrical film poster
Directed by	Graeme Clifford
Written by	Eric Bergren; Christopher De Vore; Nicholas Kazan;
Produced by	Jonathan Sanger
Starring	Jessica Lange; Sam Shepard; Kim Stanley;
Cinematography	László Kovács
Edited by	John Wright
Music by	John Barry
Production; companies	EMI Films; Brooksfilms;
Distributed by	Universal Pictures; Associated Film Distribution;
Release date	December 3, 1982;
Running time	140 minutes
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	$8 million
Box office	$5 million

Frances is a 1982 American biographical tragedy film directed by Graeme Clifford and written by Eric Bergren, Christopher De Vore, and Nicholas Kazan. The film stars Jessica Lange as Frances Farmer, a troubled actress during the 1930s whose career suffered as a result of her mental illness. It also features Kim Stanley, Sam Shepard, Bart Burns, Christopher Pennock, Jonathan Banks, and Jeffrey DeMunn in supporting roles. The film chronicles Farmer's life from her days as a high school student, her turbulent relationship with her emotionally abusive mother, her short lived film career in the 1930s, her institutionalization for alleged mental illness in the 1940s, her deinstitutionalization in the 1950s and her appearance on This Is Your Life.

Frances was released theatrically on December 3, 1982, by Universal Pictures. Lange's performance was unanimously praised and has been cited by many (including her) as her best performance. At the 55th Academy Awards, it received two nominations for Lange and Stanley as Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress respectively.

Source

The script was based upon William Arnold's Shadowland, a fictional biography of Farmer, and many of his fictional elements were incorporated into the final film. The biography has since been discredited, with Arnold having stated in court that he fabricated the story of Farmer's transorbital lobotomy and other aspects of the book. Writer Jeffrey Kauffmann published an extensive online essay, "Shedding Light on Shadowland", that debunks much of Arnold's book, including the account of the lobotomy.^[4]^[5]

Plot

Born in Seattle, Washington, Frances Elena Farmer is a rebel from a young age, winning $100 in 1931 from the Scholastic Art and Writing Awards for a high school essay called God Dies. In 1935, she becomes controversial again when she wins (and accepts) an all-expenses-paid trip to the USSR to visit its Moscow Art Theatre. Determined to become an actress, Frances is equally determined not to play the Hollywood game: she refuses to acquiesce to publicity stunts, and insists upon appearing on screen without makeup. She marries her first husband, Dwayne Steele, despite being advised not to, but cheats on him with alleged Communist Harry York on the night of her hometown's premiere of Come and Get It. Her defiance attracts the attention of Broadway playwright Clifford Odets, who convinces Frances that her future rests with the Group Theatre.

After leaving Hollywood for New York City and appearing in the Group Theatre play Golden Boy, Frances learns, much to her chagrin, that the Group Theatre exploited her fame only to draw in more customers, replacing her with a wealthy actress for her family's needed financial backing for the play's London tour, and Odets ends their affair upon his wife's upcoming return from Europe. Her desperate attempts to restart her film career upon returning to Hollywood results in being cast in unchallenging roles in forgettable B-films. Her increased dependence on alcohol and amphetamines in the 1940s and the pressures brought on her by her wannabe mother, who becomes her legal guardian after her multiple legal problems, result in a complete nervous breakdown. After her first hospitalization at Kimball Sanitarium in La Crescenta where she was forced to undergo insulin shock therapy and hydrotherapy, she tells her mother that she doesn't want to return to Hollywood but instead wants to live alone in the countryside, assaulting and threatening Lillian in the resulting argument. While institutionalized at Western State Hospital, Frances is abused by the powers that be: she is subjected to electroconvulsive shock therapy, is cruelly beaten, periodically raped by the male orderlies and visiting soldiers from a nearby military base and involuntarily lobotomized before her release in 1950.

In 1958, Frances is paid honor on Ralph Edwards' This Is Your Life television program, which Harry York watches from his home. When asked about alcoholism, illegal drugs and mental illness, Farmer denies them all and says, "If you're treated like a patient, you're apt to act like one". The film ends just after a party honoring her at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with Farmer walking down a street with Harry York, talking about her parents' deaths, how she sold their house and that she's a "faceless sinner" with a slower paced lifestyle ahead of her in the future. The end credits state that she moved to Indianapolis shortly afterwards, hosting a local daytime TV program (Frances Farmer Presents) from 1958 to 1964 before dying alone, just as she had lived, on August 1, 1970, at age 56.

Cast

Jessica Lange as Frances Farmer
Kim Stanley as Lillian Van Ornum Farmer
Sam Shepard as Harry York
Bart Burns as Ernest Farmer
Christopher Pennock as Dick Steele
Jonathan Banks as Hitchhiker
Jeffrey DeMunn as Clifford Odets
Jordan Charney as Harold Clurman
James Karen as Judge Hillier
Anne Haney as Hairdresser
Bonnie Bartlett as Studio Stylist
Sarah Cunningham as Alma Styles
Keone Young as Chinese Doctor
Sandra Seacat as Drama Teacher
Biff Yeager as Motorcycle Cop
Lane Smith as Dr. Symington
Zelda Rubinstein as Mental Patient
Anjelica Huston as Mental Patient
Pamela Gordon as Mental Patient
Rick May as Policeman
Kevin Costner as Luther (uncredited)

Production

The film was developed by the team who had made The Elephant Man, writers Eric Bergren and Christopher De Vore, and producer Jonathan Sanger and Mel Brooks. Brooks was keen for David Lynch, who had directed The Elephant Man, to direct. However, Lynch had signed an agreement with Universal. Sanger then suggested Graeme Clifford, who was well established as an editor, notably having made several films with Robert Altman. "He's very bright and completely in love with the story", said Brooks.^[6]

The script was based upon William Arnold's Shadowland, a fictional biography of Farmer. In pre-production, the producers reneged on their option to use the book as source material. Arnold filed an unsuccessful copyright infringement lawsuit but many of his fictional elements were incorporated into the final film.^[7]

On the commentary of the DVD release, director Clifford stated, "We didn't want to nickel and dime people to death with facts." Mel Brooks was executive producer of the film, but as with The Elephant Man, Brooks intentionally received no credit for his participation as his name had been attributed to parodies or crude comedies.

The filmmakers struggled to gain finance until EMI Films stepped in.^[8]

Lange found the nude scene of Farmer's arrest with policemen breaking into the Knickerbocker Hotel frustrating and demanding; there was a problem with the bathroom door which stuck each time the actors playing cops on the other side tried to get it open. The entire scene, lasting no more than three minutes of film time, took four days to shoot. Lange was "disgusted" and felt "used, abused, and manipulated", as was Frances herself.^[9]

Casting

Many actresses were considered candidates for the role of Frances Farmer including Anne Archer, Susan Blakely, Blythe Danner, Susan Dey, Patty Duke, Mia Farrow, Sally Field, Jane Fonda, Goldie Hawn, Diane Keaton, Liza Minnelli, Susan Sarandon, Cybill Shepherd, Sissy Spacek, Meryl Streep, Natalie Wood and Tuesday Weld.^{[citation needed]} Faye Dunaway turned it down.^[10]

"This is a role every actress waits all her life for", said Hawn.^[3]

Jessica Lange had wanted to play the role since reading Farmer's memoirs in the late 1970s. She tried to interest Bob Rafelson and Bob Fosse to make the film but neither was interested. Then she says Clifford called her directly offering the role. (Clifford had edited Lange in The Postman Always Rings Twice.)^[11]

"She was very high-strung and had overpowering elements in her personality of self-destruction, but she was a real warrior", said Lange. "It was misguided heroics."^[12]

"I began to identify with Frances Farmer's anger", said Lange. "She would release it no matter what the consequences were."^[3]

Susan Blakely went on to portray Farmer in the 1983 CBS television film Will There Really Be a Morning?^[13]

Music

The original music score was composed by John Barry. According to Barry, his idea of carrying the main theme using a harmonica was initially disliked by producers until they heard it fully orchestrated. Along with some popular songs from the period, a notable piece of music was from Mozart's Piano Sonata No.11, K331, and the second movement of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony also featured.

Editing

The film originally ran for three hours and was cut down. This meant reduction of the amount of screen time dedicated to Frances and her parents, and Frances and her love interest. Clifford would subsequently claim he felt the film was too short.^[8]

Reception

Frances holds a 67% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 30 reviews with the consensus: "This sordid biopic emphasizes the indignities visited upon Frances Farmer to the detriment of fleshing her out as a person, but Jessica Lange's towering performance invests the tragic figure with a humanity that the script lacks."^[14]

Awards and nominations

Award	Category	Nominee(s)	Result	Ref.
Academy Awards	Best Actress	Jessica Lange	Nominated	^[15]
Academy Awards	Best Supporting Actress	Kim Stanley	Nominated	^[15]
Golden Globe Awards	Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama	Jessica Lange	Nominated	^[16]
Golden Globe Awards	Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture	Kim Stanley	Nominated	^[16]
Huabiao Awards	Outstanding Translated Foreign Film		Won
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards	Best Actress	Jessica Lange	Runner-up	^[17]
Moscow International Film Festival	Golden Prize	Graeme Clifford	Nominated	^[18]
Moscow International Film Festival	Best Actress	Jessica Lange	Won	^[18]
Nastro d'Argento	Best Foreign Actress		Nominated
National Society of Film Critics Awards	Best Actress		2nd Place	^[19]
New York Film Critics Circle Awards	Best Actress		Runner-up	^[20]

References

^ "Frances (1982)". British Film Institute. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
^ "Frances (1982)". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mills, Bart (September 23, 1982). "Fame rings for Lange". The Guardian. p. 17.
^ Shelley, Peter, 'Frances Farmer: The Life and Films of a Troubled Star', pp. 5, 60-64
^ Kauffman, Jeffrey (2004) [1999]. "Frances Farmer: Shedding Light on Shadowland". Shadowland. Archived from the original on July 21, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
^ "Mel Brooks and the sad Seattle cinema usherette". The Guardian. October 10, 1981. p. 11.
^ Mills, Bart (February 12, 1983). "Hollywood's power of attorney". The Guardian. p. 6.
^ ^a ^b Pollock, Dale (December 2, 1982). "Clifford Gets First Shot as Director in 'Frances'". Los Angeles Times.
^ "The Making of Frances". oocities.org. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
^ Live with Regis and Kathie Lee. November 27, 1990. ABC.
^ Mann, Roderick (January 17, 1982). "Lange's Role: The Insanity of It All...". Los Angeles Times. p. L 27.
^ Harmetz, Aljean (December 21, 1982). "'I was so incredibly naive about... Hollywood': Lange's star grows ever brighter". The Globe and Mail. p. 15.
^ "Susan Blakely". AllMovie. Archived from the original on April 4, 2009.
^ "Frances". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
^ "The 55th Academy Awards (1983) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
^ "Frances". Golden Globe Awards. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
^ "The 8th Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards". Los Angeles Film Critics Association. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
^ "13th Moscow International Film Festival (1983)". Moscow International Film Festival. Archived from the original on November 7, 2013. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
^ "Past Awards". National Society of Film Critics. December 19, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
^ "1982 New York Film Critics Circle Awards". Mubi. Retrieved August 13, 2021.