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Francois Gérard
Francois Gérard
	Portrait by Thomas Lawrence (c. 1824)
Born	François Pascal Simon Gérard; 12 March 1770; Rome, Papal States
Died	11 January 1837 (aged 66); Paris, France
Nationality	French
Education	Pajou, Brenet, David
Known for	Portrait painting

François Pascal Simon Gérard (French pronunciation: [fʁɑ̃swa paskal simɔ̃ ʒeʁaʁ], 4 May 1770 – 11 January 1837),^[a] titled as Baron Gérard in 1809, was a French painter. He was born in Rome, where his father occupied a post in the house of the French ambassador, and his mother was Italian. After he was made a baron of the Empire in 1809 by Emperor Napoleon, he was known formally as Baron Gérard.

Life and career

François Gérard was born in Rome to J. S. Gérard and Cleria Matteï.^[1] At the age of twelve, Gérard obtained admission into the Pension du Roi in Paris. From the Pension, he passed to the studio of the sculptor Augustin Pajou, which he left at the end of two years for the studio of the history painter Nicolas-Guy Brenet,^[2] whom he quit almost immediately to place himself under Jacques-Louis David.^[3]

In 1789, he competed for the Prix de Rome, which was carried off by his comrade Girodet. The following year (1790), he once more showed up, but the passing of his father prevented him from finishing his work and forced him to travel to Rome with his mother. He eventually made it back to Paris in 1791, but due to his extreme poverty, he was forced to abandon his studies in favor of a job that would pay him money right away. David at once availed himself of his help, and one of that master's most celebrated portraits, of Louis-Michel Le Pelletier de Saint-Fargeau, may owe much to the hand of Gérard. This painting was executed early in 1793, the year in which Gérard, at the request of David, was named a member of the revolutionary tribunal, from the fatal decisions of which he, however, invariably absented himself.^[4]

In 1794, he obtained the first prize in a competition, the subject of which was The Tenth of August, that is, the storming of the Tuileries Palace on that date in 1792. Further stimulated by the successes of his rival and friend Girodet in the Salons of 1793 and 1794, Gérard (aided by Jean-Baptiste Isabey, the miniaturist) produced in 1795 his famous Bélisaire. In 1796, a portrait of his generous friend (conserved today in the Louvre) obtained undisputed success, and the money received from Isabey for these two works enabled Gérard to execute in 1797 his Psyche et l'Amour (illustration).^[b] At last, in 1799, his portrait of Madame Mère established his position as one of the foremost portrait-painters of the day.^[4]

In 1808, as many as eight (and in 1810, no less than fourteen) portraits by him were exhibited at the Salon, and these figures afford only an indication of the enormous numbers which he executed yearly. All of the leading figures of the Empire and of the Bourbon Restoration, and all of the most celebrated men and women of Europe, sat for Gérard. This extraordinary vogue was due partly to the charm of his manner and conversation, for his salon was as much frequented as his studio. Madame de Staël, George Canning, Talleyrand and the Duke of Wellington have all borne witness to the attraction of his society.^[4]

Rich and famous, Gérard was stung by remorse for earlier ambitions abandoned; at intervals, he had indeed striven with Girodet and other rivals to prove his strength at history painting, still a more prestigious genre than portraiture. His Bataille d'Austerlitz (1810) showed a breadth of invention and style which was even more conspicuous in L'Entrée d'Henri IV à Paris (at Versailles), the work with which in 1817 he paid homage to the returned Louis XVIII. After this date, Gérard declined, watching with impotent grief the progress of the Romantic school.^[4]

Loaded with honors – baron of the Empire in 1809, member of the Institut on 7 March 1812, officer of the Légion d'honneur, first painter to the king – he worked on, sad and discouraged. He painted several works to celebrate the Coronation of Charles X in 1825. The revolution of 1830 added to his disquiet, and on 11 January 1837, after three days of fever, he died.^[4]

Gérard is best remembered for his portraits. The color of his paintings has suffered, but his drawings show in uninjured delicacy the purity of his line, and those of women are specially remarkable for a virginal simplicity and frankness of expression.^[4] His students included Heinrich Christoph Kolbe.

Selected works

Marius Returning to Rome, 1789
Antoine-Jean Gros, 1791
Flora Caressed by Zephyr, 1802
Maria-Letizia Bonaparte, 1803
Napoleon Bonaparte as First Consul, 1803
Portrait of Mary Nisbet, 1803
Catherine Grand, 1804
Marshal Michel Ney, 1805
Portrait of Joachim Murat, 1808
Portrait of Talleyrand, 1808
Portrait of Joseph Bonaparte, 1808
Portrait of Jérôme Bonaparte, 1811
Portrait of Joachim Murat, king of Naples and of the Two Sicilies, 1811–1812, private collection, Paris
Marie Louise, Empress of France, 1812
Portrait of Louis XVIII, 1814
Napoleon I as Emperor, 1805
Portrait of Juliette Récamier, 1802
Portrait of Empress Joséphine
Portrait of Désirée Clary
Portrait of Catherine Grand, Princesse de Bénévent
Portrait of Hortense de Beauharnais
Portrait of Hortense de Beauharnais
Cupid and Psyche
Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz, 1810
Portrait of the Count of Artois, 1815
Teresa of Ávila
Entry of Henry IV into Paris, 1817
Corinne at Cape Misenum, 1819–1821, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon
Portrait of the Duke of Berry, 1820
Duchess of Berry, 1820
Adelaide of Orleans, 1821
Louis XVIII in his Study, 1823
Daphnis and Chloe, c. 1824, oil on canvas, The Detroit Institute of Arts
Portrait of Charles X, 1825
Zoé Talon and her Children, 1825
Maximilien Sébastien Foy, 1826
The Coronation of Charles X, 1827
Lord Stuart de Rothesay, 1829
Portrait of Louis Phillippe I, 1834
Reading of the Declaration to the Deputies, 1836
Mme de Staël as her character Corrine (posthumously)

Footnotes

^ ^a ^b Some sources say he was born on 4 May 1770, however his tombstone (Montparnasse Cemetery, 1st division) reads: "Ici reposent – François Pascal Simon baron Gérard, né à Rome le 12 mars 1770, mort à Paris le 11 janvier 1837 – Jacques Alexandre Gérard, né à Paris le 13 avril 1780, mort à Paris le 28 octobre 1832 – Marguerite Françoise Matteï, [épouse] de F. Gérard, née à Rome le 7 avril 1775, morte à Auteuil le 1er décembre 1848 – Sophie Catherine Sylvoz, [épouse d'Alexandre] Gérard, née à Chambéry le 8 [octobre] 1792, morte à Paris le 16 mars 1867 – La famille à leur mémoire chère."
^ At the Hong Kong Book Fair 2007, Hong Kong's Television and Entertainment Licensing Authority forced the publisher of a Chinese book, translated from Korean, Love Mythology: Love Stories in Greek and Roman Mythology: 12 Keys to Understand Myths of Love Theme (Author: Lee Eyun Kee Publisher: [Taiwan] Yuan Liou) bearing Gérard's "Psyché et l'Amour" on the cover to temporarily withdraw it from sale.

References

Sources

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gérard, François". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 764–765.
Lenormant, Charles (1847). François Gérard, peintre d'histoire: essai de biographie et de critique (2nd ed.). Paris: Adolphe René et compagnie. Retrieved 10 May 2009. A biography by Charles Lenormant.
Gérard, Henri; Viollet-le-Duc, Adolphe (1867). Correspondance de François Gérard: peintre d'histoire, avec les artistes et les personnages célèbres de son temps. Paris: Adolphe Lainé et J. Havard. Retrieved 10 May 2009. A biography by Adolphe Viollet-le-Duc followed by François Gérard's correspondence collected by his nephew Henri Gérard.
Gérard, Henri (1888). Lettres adressées au baron François Gérard, peintre d'histoire, par les artistes et les personnages célèbres de son temps (3rd ed.). Paris: A. Quentin. Retrieved 10 May 2009. A different biography by his nephew Henri Gérard, 14 etched portraits, additional letters and notes.

Notes

^ Henri Gérard 1888
^ Nicolas-Guy Brenet (1728–1792), professor at the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture, 1778. Michael Bryan, Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, s.v. "Brenet, Nicolas Guy". Brenet was also the master of Jean Germain Drouais.
^ Chisholm 1911, pp. 764–765.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Chisholm 1911, p. 765.