The first Brüning cabinet, headed by Heinrich Brüning of the Centre Party, was the seventeenth democratically elected government during the Weimar Republic. It took office on 30 March 1930 when it replaced the second Müller cabinet, which had resigned on 27 March over the issue of how to fund unemployment compensation.
Brüning hoped to be able to work with the Reichstag to solve Germany's pressing economic problems, but when it rejected his budget for 1930, he worked with President Paul von Hindenburg to have it converted into an emergency decree. After the Reichstag rejected the decree, Hindenburg, at Brüning's request, dissolved the Reichstag and called new elections. The steps that were taken after the rejection of the 1930 budget marked the beginning of the presidential governments of the Weimar Republic under which the president and chancellor used constitutional emergency powers to bypass the Reichstag.
Brüning's first cabinet resigned on 10 October 1931 after the failure of an Austro-German customs union forced the resignation of Foreign Minister Julius Curtius, and Hindenburg pressed Brüning to move his cabinet more to the right. It was replaced on the same day by his second cabinet.
Well into the heart of the German middle class, it was thought that coalition governments were too weak to deal with the country's problems, or at least that the second Müller cabinet had shown this to be the case. Hindenburg appointed Brüning as chancellor "with the note that his cabinet was to be put together without regard to coalition ties".[1] Brüning nevertheless took over Muller's second cabinet with only three changes. Hindenburg himself had insisted on the appointment of two of the new members: Martin Schiele of the German National People's Party (DNVP) for Agriculture and Gottfried Treviranus of the Conservative People's Party (KVP) for the Occupied Territories. The resulting cabinet was made up of members of seven parties – 4 Centre Party, 2 German Democratic Party (DDP), 2 German People's Party (DVP) 1 Reich Party of the German Middle Class (WP), 1 Bavarian People's Party (BVP), 1 DNVP and 2 KVP – plus one independent.[2]
Brüning entered office when the crises of both Weimar parliamentarianism and the Great Depression were peaking.[4] He knew that the restructuring of finances through the policy of austerity and deflation that he thought necessary would bring about a painful reduction of social benefits, an increase in taxes and the curbing of imports.[5]
In his government declaration of 1 April 1930, Brüning stated that his government was not tied to any coalition and that if he could not solve the nation's most pressing problems with the Reichstag, it would be the last attempt to find a solution with its help – a clear indication that he planned if necessary to govern by presidential decree using the emergency powers of Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution and that he had President Hindenburg's backing to do so.[2] Parliament could revoke such decrees with the prospect of the president calling new elections. A manoeuvre of that nature meant leaving the path of parliamentary government and proceeding on the that of a presidential government.
Use of presidential decrees
Brüning pushed a first bundle of austerity measures through the Reichstag with the help of conservatives and the Social Democrats (SPD), but the Reichstag rejected his budget for 1930.[4] Then followed an outwardly constitutional back and forth:
On 16 July President Hindenburg, following a request from Chancellor Brüning, converted the budget bill into an emergency decree to "safeguard the economy and finances".
Because the vote in the Reichstag expressed a lack of confidence in Brüning's minority government, Brüning asked Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag and call new elections.[4]
To prevent additional dissolutions of Parliament, the SPD decided to tolerate Brüning's government in the future.[2] Brüning had held intensive talks with the SPD, pointing out that the next new elections would be even more disastrous for democracy in Germany than the September 1930 elections that had just been held. The NSDAP had received 18.3% of the vote; in the next election in July 1932 it was to receive 37.3%. The Social Democrats had to allow emergency decrees to pass through parliament which were much harsher on the workers "than those for the sake of which they had caused the last parliamentary coalition in the spring to fail".[7] Communists or National Socialists always introduced motions to repeal the emergency decrees. Each time they were rejected by the votes of the governing parties and the SPD.
The number of emergency decrees issued rose from five in 1930 to over forty in 1931. The Reichstag met in 94 sessions in 1930, but this fell by half in 1931.[8]
End of the first Brüning cabinet
On 5 September 1931 an effort to establish an Austro-German Customs Union failed and Foreign Minister Julius Curtius subsequently resigned.[9] Hindenburg and Major General Kurt von Schleicher, a key member of Hindenburg's inner circle, pressured Brüning to move significantly further to the right.[10] Hindenburg wanted him to break his ties to ministers that Hindenburg found too left-wing, too Catholic, or disliked for some other reason. Brüning promised to appoint more conservative ministers who would not be tied to party politics. Hindenburg then accepted the resignation of Brüning's cabinet and charged him with forming the new government.[11]
References
^Mann, Golo (2001). Deutsche Geschichte des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts [19th and 20th Century German History] (in German). Berlin: Fischer Taschenbuch. p. 755. ISBN9783596113309.
^ abc"Heinrich Brüning". Internet-Portal "Westfälische Geschichte" (in German). 26 October 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
^"Julius Curtius". Britannica online. 20 July 1998. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
^Winkler, Heinrich August (2014). Der lange Weg nach Westen. Deutsche Geschichte I [The Long Road to the West. German History I] (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. p. 499. ISBN978-3-406-66049-8.
^Winkler, Heinrich August (1993). Weimar 1918–1933. Die Geschichte der ersten deutschen Demokratie [Weimar 1919–1933. History of the First German Democracy] (in German). Munich: Beck. p. 430. ISBN978-3406376467.
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