External combustion engine

Aircraft propulsion
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v t e

An external combustion engine (EC engine) is a reciprocating heat engine where a working fluid, contained internally, is heated by combustion in an external source, through the engine wall or a heat exchanger. The fluid then, by expanding and acting on the mechanism of the engine, produces motion and usable work.^[1] The fluid is then dumped (open cycle), or cooled, compressed and reused (closed cycle). In these types of engines, the combustion is primarily used as a heat source, and the engine can work equally well with other types of heat sources.

Combustion

"Combustion" refers to burning fuel with an oxidizer, to supply the heat. Engines of similar (or even identical) configuration and operation may use a supply of heat from other sources such as nuclear, solar, geothermal or exothermic reactions not involving combustion; they are not then strictly classed as external combustion engines, but as external thermal engines.

Working fluid

The working fluid can be of any composition and the system may be single-phase (liquid only or gas only) or dual-phase (liquid/gas).

Single phase

Gas is used in a Stirling engine. Single-phase liquid may sometimes be used.^{[clarification needed]}

Dual phase

Dual-phase external combustion engines use a phase transition to convert temperature to usable work, for example from liquid to (generally much larger) gas. This type of engine follows variants of the Rankine cycle. Steam engines are a common example of dual-phase engines. Another example is engines that use the Organic Rankine cycle.

References

^ external combustion - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary

Thermodynamic cycles

External
combustion / thermal

Without phase change (hot air engines)	Bell Coleman Brayton/Joule Carnot Ericsson Stirling Stirling (pseudo/adiabatic) Stoddard Manson
With phase change	Kalina Hygroscopic Rankine (Organic Rankine) Regenerative

Internal
combustion / thermal

Mixed

Refrigeration

v t e Machines
Classical simple machines	Inclined plane Lever Pulley Screw Wedge Wheel and axle
Clocks	Atomic clock Chronometer Pendulum clock Quartz clock
Compressors and pumps	Archimedes' screw Eductor-jet pump Hydraulic ram Pump Trompe Vacuum pump
External combustion engines	Steam engine Stirling engine
Internal combustion engines	Gas turbine Reciprocating engine Rotary engine Nutating disc engine
Linkages	Pantograph Peaucellier-Lipkin
Turbine	Gas turbine Jet engine Quasiturbine Steam turbine Water turbine Wind generator Windmill
Aerofoil	Sail Wing Rudder Flap Propeller
Electronics	Vacuum tube Transistor Diode Resistor Capacitor Inductor
Vehicles	Automobile
Miscellaneous	Mecha Robot Agricultural Seed-counting machine Vending machine Wind tunnel Check weighing machines Riveting machines
Springs	Spring (device)

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