EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg

EuroAirport
Basel Mulhouse Freiburg
Summary
Airport typeInternational
OwnerFrance and Swiss canton of Basel-City
OperatorL'administration de l'Aéroport de Bâle-Mulhouse
Serves
LocationSaint-Louis, France
Opened8 May 1946; 78 years ago (1946-05-08)
Operating base foreasyJet Switzerland
Elevation AMSL270 m / 885 ft
Coordinates47°35′24″N 007°31′45″E / 47.59000°N 7.52917°E / 47.59000; 7.52917
Websitewww.euroairport.com
Map
BSL, MLH, EAP/LFSB is located in Alsace
BSL, MLH, EAP/LFSB
BSL,
MLH,
EAP/LFSB
Location of airport in Alsace region
BSL, MLH, EAP/LFSB is located in France
BSL, MLH, EAP/LFSB
BSL,
MLH,
EAP/LFSB
Location of airport in France
BSL, MLH, EAP/LFSB is located in Switzerland
BSL, MLH, EAP/LFSB
BSL,
MLH,
EAP/LFSB
Location of airport near Switzerland
BSL, MLH, EAP/LFSB is located in Germany
BSL, MLH, EAP/LFSB
BSL,
MLH,
EAP/LFSB
Location of airport near Germany
BSL, MLH, EAP/LFSB is located in Europe
BSL, MLH, EAP/LFSB
BSL,
MLH,
EAP/LFSB
BSL,
MLH,
EAP/LFSB (Europe)
Map
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
15/33 3,900 12,795 Concrete
07/25 1,820 5,971 Concrete
Statistics (2021[2])
Passengers3,613,074
Cargo (tons)73,345
Aircraft movements56,156
Sources: French AIP,[3] airport's annual report[4] and French AIP at EUROCONTROL[5]

EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg (IATA: MLH, BSL, EAP, ICAO: LFSB)[note 1][1] is an international airport in the administrative commune of Saint-Louis, in the French Alsace part of the Trinational Eurodistrict of Basel. It is 4.7 km (2.9 mi) west of the tripoint of France, Germany, and Switzerland, 3.5 km (2.2 mi) northwest of the city of Basel in Switzerland, 20 km (12 mi) southeast of Mulhouse in France, and 46 km (29 mi) south-southwest of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany. The airport is jointly administered by France and Switzerland, governed by a 1949 international convention. The airport serves as a base for easyJet Switzerland and mainly features flights to European metropolitan and leisure destinations.

History

Foundation and early years

Plans for the construction of a joint Swiss–French airport started in the 1930s but were halted by the Second World War. Swiss planners identified Basel as one of the four cities for which a main urban airport would be developed and recognized that the existing airfield at Sternenfeld in Birsfelden was too small and, due to the development of the adjacent river port facilities, unsuitable for expansion. The suburb of Allschwil was proposed for a new airport, and this would require being constructed across the Franco-Swiss border, leading to talks with French authorities centered on developing a single airport that would serve both countries, enhancing its international airport status.[6]

In 1946 talks resumed and it was agreed that an airport would be built 4 km (2.5 mi) north of Blotzheim, France. France would provide the land and the Swiss canton of Basel-Stadt would cover the construction costs. Basel-Stadt's Grand Council agreed to pay the costs for a provisional airport even before an international treaty was signed (which was not until 1949). Construction began on 8 March 1946 and a provisional airport with a 1,200 m (3,900 ft) runway was officially opened on 8 May.[citation needed]

Between autumn 1951 and spring 1953, the east–west runway was extended to 1,600 m (5,200 ft) and the "Zollfreistrasse"(fr:Route douanière de l'aéroport à Bâle) (customs-free road) was constructed, allowing access from Basel to the departure terminal without passing through French border controls.[citation needed]

The first enlargement project was approved by referendum in Basel in 1960 and, over the following decades, the terminals and runways were continually extended. The north–south runway was extended further to 3,900 m (12,800 ft) in 1972. In 1984, an annual total of 1 million passengers was reached. In 1987, the trademark name EuroAirport Basel–Mulhouse–Freiburg was introduced.[7]

In 1992 a total of 2 million passengers used the airport. By 1998, this number rose up to 3 million.[citation needed]

In December 1998, Swissair inaugurated service to Newark using Airbus A310s.[8][9] The main reason it launched the route was that it had heard another carrier was planning to begin flights from Basel to Newark; Swissair wanted to start flying the route before the other airline did. The company also hoped to attract people working for the pharmaceutical companies in Basel.[10] Crossair, a subsidiary of Swissair, code-shared on the flight. The carrier operated a hub at the EuroAirport, from which it flew to 40 regional destinations.[11]

Development in the 2000s

Swissair terminated the flight to Newark in March 2000, saying it suffered from low occupancy.[9][12] The local newspaper bz Basel commented that the airline did not advertise it well.[10]

A decision was made to enlarge the terminals again with a new "Y-finger" dock. The first phase was completed in 2002 and the second phase in 2005.[citation needed]

Crossair was the largest airline at the Basel airport. Following the Swissair liquidation in 2001, the subsequent ending of services in early 2002, and the transformation of Crossair into Swiss International Air Lines, the number of flights from Basel fell and the new terminal was initially underused.[citation needed] In 2004 the low-cost carrier easyJet opened a base at Basel and the passenger totals rose again, reaching 4 million in 2006.[citation needed]

From 2007 until 2009, Ryanair also flew to the airport for the first time. However, as a result of a dispute over landing fees, the airline closed all eight routes.[13] More recently Ryanair announced it would return in April 2014, with the resumption of Basel–Dublin route as well as a short-lived revival of the Basel – London–Stansted route. Ryanair added a Basel-Zagreb route in December 2021.[14]

In May 2008, Air Transat commenced seasonal service to Montreal.[15][16] The airline flew an Airbus A310 on the route.[17] In December 2014, Swiss International Air Lines announced it would cease all operations at Basel by 31 May 2015 due to heavy competition from low-cost carriers.[18] Swiss faced direct competition on five out of its six Basel routes, all of which were operated by Swiss Global Air Lines. The Lufthansa Group announced it would set up Eurowings' first base outside Germany at the EuroAirport as a replacement. However these plans were later cancelled in favour of Vienna Airport.[19]

In January 2017, the removal of Basel/Mulhouse from Air Berlin and its Swiss subsidiary Belair's route networks was announced.[20]

International status

Terminal exterior
Terminal interior

EuroAirport is one of the few airports in the world operated jointly by two countries,[21] in this case France and Switzerland. It is governed by a 1949 international convention. The headquarters of the airport's operations are located in Blotzheim, France.[22] The airport is located completely on French soil; it also has a Swiss customs border and is connected to the Swiss customs area by a 2.5-kilometre (1.6 mi)-long customs-free road to Basel, allowing air travellers access into Switzerland bypassing French customs clearance. The airport is operated via a state treaty established in 1946 wherein the two countries (Switzerland and France) are granted access to the airport without any customs or other border restrictions. The airport's board has eight members each from France and Switzerland and two advisers from Germany.[23]

The airport building is split into two separate sections: Swiss and French. Though the entire airport is on French soil and under French jurisdiction, the Swiss authorities have the authority to apply Swiss laws regarding customs, medical services and police work in the Swiss section, including the customs road connecting Basel with the airport. French police are allowed to execute random checks in the Swiss section as well.[23] With Switzerland joining the Schengen Treaty in March 2009, the air side was rearranged to include a Schengen and non-Schengen zone.[24] As border control is staffed by both Swiss and French border officers, passengers arriving from non-Schengen countries must approach the customs office of the country for which they have received the Schengen entry visa, which is either France or Switzerland. On the other hand, the Schengen area can be left from any Schengen area country.

Due to its international status, EuroAirport has three IATA airport codes: BSL (Basel) is the Swiss code, MLH (Mulhouse) is the French code and EAP (EuroAirport) is the neutral code.[1] Some booking systems show different ticket prices for flights to BSL and MLH, as one of them can be a domestic flight within France (with different rules on fuel taxation, etc.), and in some cases, tickets can be issued where a "flight" between BSL and MLH is shown on the itinerary. The airport's ICAO airport code is LFSB. LSZM, the old code, has been reassigned to the airport of Mollis.[3]

In 2020, a French court decided that job contracts on the airport are governed by French labor laws, not Swiss ones. Basing on a 2012 agreement, the Swiss companies active on the airport have used Swiss labor regulations, which are more employer-friendly than the French ones. For example, the Swiss laws made it easier to dismiss workers, while the French rules prescribe a 35-hour week, earlier retirement, and much higher compensations in case of dismissals. In exchange, working under Swiss laws results in much higher wages.[25]

Terminal

The EuroAirport consists of a single terminal building, a brick-style main area with four levels and the Y-shaped gate area attached to it. The basement (Level 1) contains the access to the car park, the ground level (Level 2) features the arrivals facilities. Level 3 is the check-in area divided into halls 1–4 while the departure gates are located at Level 4. The gate area features gates 1–2, 20–46, 60–61 and 78–87 of which gates 22–32 are used for non-Schengen flights.[26] Six of the boarding gates feature jet bridges, the others are used for walk- or bus-boarding. The entry and exit area is divided into French and Swiss parts.

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

The following airlines offer regular scheduled and charter flights at the EuroAirport:[27]

AirlinesDestinations
Aegean Airlines Athens[28]
Air Algérie Constantine
Seasonal: Algiers
Air Arabia Maroc Casablanca,[29] Rabat[30]
Air Cairo Seasonal: Hurghada
Air France Paris–Charles de Gaulle[31]
Air Transat Seasonal: Montréal–Trudeau
AJet Istanbul–Sabiha Gökçen[32]
Austrian Airlines Vienna
British Airways London–Heathrow[33]
Condor Seasonal: Palma de Mallorca[34]
Corendon Airlines Seasonal: Antalya[35]
Cyprus Airways Seasonal: Larnaca[36]
easyJet[37] Alicante, Amsterdam, Athens, Barcelona, Berlin, Bordeaux, Brindisi, Bristol, Budapest, Catania, Copenhagen, Edinburgh, Enfidha,[38] Faro, Fuerteventura, Funchal,[38] Gran Canaria, Hamburg, Lanzarote, Lisbon, London–Gatwick, London–Luton,[39] Madrid, Málaga, Manchester,[40] Marrakesh, Montpellier, Nantes, Naples, Nice, Palma de Mallorca, Porto, Prague, Pristina, Rome–Fiumicino, Santiago de Compostela, Seville,[41] Tel Aviv (resumes 1 June 2025),[42] Tenerife–South, Toulouse, Valencia
Seasonal: Agadir, Ajaccio, Antalya,[43] Bari,[44] Bastia, Biarritz, Bilbao (begins 4 April 2025),[45] Cagliari, Calvi, Chania,[46] Djerba (begins 1 April 2025),[47] Dubrovnik, Figari, Heraklion,[48] Hurghada, Ibiza, Kraków, Lamezia Terme, Larnaca,[49] Malta,[50] Menorca, Olbia, Palermo, Pula, Reykjavík–Keflavík (begins 1 April 2025),[47] Rhodes, Rijeka,[43] Rimini (begins 16 April 2025),[47] Salerno,[51] Skiathos (begins 24 June 2025),[47] Split, Thessaloniki, Venice, Zadar
Eurowings Seasonal: Palma de Mallorca[52]
flydubai Dubai–International[53]
Israir Tel Aviv (begins 1 April 2025)[54]
Jetsky Airways Pristina[55]
KLM Amsterdam[56]
Lufthansa Frankfurt, Munich[57]
Norwegian Air Shuttle Seasonal: Copenhagen,[58] Oslo[58]
Nouvelair Tunis[59]
Seasonal: Djerba[27]
Pegasus Airlines Istanbul–Sabiha Gökçen
Seasonal: Izmir
Ryanair Dublin, London–Stansted,[60] Zagreb[61]
SunExpress Antalya
Seasonal: Gaziantep, Izmir, Kayseri
Tassili Airlines[62] Constantine
Turkish Airlines Istanbul
Seasonal: Gaziantep
Vueling Barcelona[63]
Wizz Air[64] Banja Luka, Belgrade, Bucharest–Otopeni, Budapest, Cluj-Napoca, Iași,[65] Kraków (begins 15 June 2025),[66] Niš, Pristina, Rome–Fiumicino,[67] Sibiu (begins 2 August 2025),[68] Skopje, Sofia, Tirana, Tuzla, Warsaw–Chopin

Cargo

AirlinesDestinations
Air Canada Cargo[69] Toronto–Pearson
Korean Air Cargo[70] Seoul–Incheon, Vienna
Qatar Airways Cargo[71] Doha

Statistics

Busiest routes by passenger numbers[72]
Rank City 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016
1 Kosovo, Pristina 284 309 253 805 201 715 103 806 158 867 138 668 115 066 105 338
2 Netherlands, Amsterdam 178 776 137 704 50 288 56 954 222 480 219 746 210 215 206 986
3 Turkey, Istanbul (Sabiha Gökçen) 157 419 123 097 77 204 47 625 103 528 87 709 78 588 70 338
4 Spain, Barcelona 134 424 126 305 55 043 33 727 177 693 179 538 173 414 170 492
5 Spain, Palma de Mallorca 134 345 121 081 74 794 26 692 153 240 172 534 182 496 155 949
6 UK, London (Heathrow) 134 225 85 406 7 228 28 202 140 676 140 289 129 091 126 362
7 Turkey, Antalya (Antalya) 116 426 102 593 41 213 28 639 75 789
8 Hungary, Budapest 112 128 102 377 37 241 32 234 124 652 89 290
9 Portugal, Porto 107 450 101 608 65 625 54 460 108 173 108 106 106 307 103 998
10 UK, London (Gatwick) 102 422 110 952 14 213 33 326 143 672 141 380 138 051 135 895

Other facilities

Swiss International Air Lines head office at EuroAirport
  • The headquarters of Swiss International Air Lines and Swiss Global Air Lines are on the grounds at EuroAirport Basel–Mulhouse–Freiburg in the Swiss section of the airport; even though the airport is within France, the Swiss head office is only accessible from Switzerland.[73][74] The Swiss division Swiss Aviation Software has its head office there as well.[75]
  • Farnair Switzerland formerly had its head office at EuroAirport. As in the case of the Swiss head office, the area with the former Farnair head office may only be accessed from Switzerland.[76] The head office moved to its current location, the Villa Guggenheim in Allschwil, in proximity to EuroAirport, on 1 October 2011.[77]
  • Hello, a now defunct Swiss airline, had its head office in the General Aviation area of EuroAirport.[78]
  • Prior to the formation of Swiss International Air Lines, the regional airline Crossair was headquartered on the grounds of EuroAirport.[79] Prior to its dissolution, Crossair Europe was headquartered on the grounds of EuroAirport as well.[80]

Ground transportation

Car

Location of the airport relative to Basel and its surroundings

The airport is connected to motorway A3 which leads from Basel to the southeast of Switzerland passing Zürich.

Bus

There are several bus connections to and from the EuroAirport to all three countries around it:

  • On the Swiss exit Basel's BVB bus No. 50[81] connects the airport to the Basel SBB railway station, which is the main Swiss and French railway station in Basel. During weekdays, there is a service every 7–8 minutes and on weekends, every 10 minutes during daytime. The duration of the trip is about 20 minutes. On the day of a visitor's arrival to Basel, a reservation confirmation from a local hotel guarantees a free transfer by public transport from the station or the EuroAirport to the hotel.[82]
  • On the French exit, Saint-Louis' DistriBus bus No. 11 connects the airport to the Saint-Louis railway station in 10 minutes.[83]
  • The German private bus company Flixbus calls at Zürich, Basel and Freiburg Germany up to five times a day. FlixBus however only serves the French exit of the airport. Serving Swiss destinations from the French part of the airport is a questionable legal trick, as people transport by foreign companies inside of Switzerland is illegal without official authorization due to cabotage regulations, which will not be granted by Swiss authorities on routes already supported by tax-financed public services. It's illegal to travel between Swiss destinations only. Police started to do random checks and to fine failing travelers. Serving Swiss destinations from abroad however is compliant.[84][85]

Rail

As of 2021, the closest train station is the Saint-Louis-la-Chaussée station, some 900 m (3,000 ft) north of the terminal. Plans to build a dedicated airport rail link have existed for some time, however political delays have pushed the earliest operating date to 2035.[86]

Tram

There are two town tramway systems in relatively close proximity to the airport - Basel tramway and Mulhouse tramway. As the former was extended across the border in the 2010s, there are plans to further extend it to serve the airport. Presently,[when?] the tramway serves St Louis SNCF Station, where one can change for the shuttle bus to the airport. Plans to extend the Mulhouse tramway to the airport do seem to be further from realization, however.[citation needed]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ IATA airport 3-letter codes for the French area, the Swiss area, and the metropolitan area

References

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Lansdowne station (Toronto)

Toronto subway station For other places with the same name, see Lansdowne station (disambiguation). LansdowneGeneral informationLocation691 Lansdowne Avenue,Toronto, OntarioCanadaCoordinates43°39′33″N 79°26′34″W / 43.65917°N 79.44278°W / 43.65917; -79.44278PlatformsSide platformsTracks2Connections TTC buses  47  Lansdowne 300   Bloor – Danforth 402  Parkdale Community Bus ConstructionStructure typeUndergroundAccessibleYesOthe...

 

Rachianesthésie

Anesthésie spinale La rachianesthésie (de rachis et anesthésie) ou anesthésie spinale est une technique d'anesthésie locorégionale périmédullaire consistant à injecter une solution anesthésique dans le liquide céphalo-rachidien au travers d'un espace intervertébral de la colonne lombaire, au contact des dernières racines nerveuses médullaires. Elle permet une puissante anesthésie des parties du corps situées sous une ligne qui correspond, en fonction de la hauteur l'espace pon...

 

Für Elise

Elisabeth Röckel (1814) Pembukaan Für Elise Edisi pertama, 1867 Melodi Für Elise Bermasalah memainkan berkas ini? Lihat bantuan media. Bagatelle No. 25 atau yang lebih dikenal sebagai Für Elise adalah salah satu karya Ludwig van Beethoven yang paling populer. Lagu ini tidak diterbitkan selama masa hidupnya dan baru ditemukan oleh Ludwig Nohl 40 tahun setelah kematian Beethoven, dan dapat disebut sebagai Bagatelle atau Albumblatt. Identitas Elise dalam judul lagunya tidak diketahui, peneli...

Filmografi Daniel Padilla

Daniel Padilla tahun 2016 Daniel Padilla memulai debut sebagai aktor televisi di sinetron remaja, Gimik 2010, sebelum akhirnya mendapatkan peran utama sebagai Patrick Rivero di Growing Up (2011). Daniel kemudian membintangi sietron yang masuk ke dalam daftar acara televisi yang paling banyak ditonton di Filipina yaitu, Princess and I (2012-2013),[1][2] Got to Believe (Kaulah Takdirku) (2013-2014)[3] dan Pangako Sa 'Yo (Janjiku) (2015).[4][5][6] ...

 

The Simpsons Balenciaga

2021 animated Simpsons fashion film The Simpsons | BalenciagaDirected byDavid SilvermanWritten byJoel H. CohenAl JeanMichael PriceBased onThe Simpsonsby Matt GroeningProduced byJames L. BrooksMatt GroeningAl JeanRichard RaynisDenise SirkotStarring Dan Castellaneta Julie Kavner Nancy Cartwright Yeardley Smith Harry Shearer Hank Azaria Music byBleeding Fingers MusicProductioncompaniesGracie Films20th Television AnimationRelease dates October 2, 2021 (2021-10-02) (Paris and Youtub...

 

California Transportation Commission

Government Agency California Transportation CommissionCommission overviewFormed1978; 46 years ago (1978)Preceding agenciesCalifornia Highway CommissionState Transportation BoardState Aeronautics BoardCalifornia Toll Bridge AuthorityJurisdictionCaliforniaHeadquarters1120 N Street, Sacramento, California38°34′28″N 121°29′37″W / 38.574564°N 121.493660°W / 38.574564; -121.493660Commission executivesHilary Norton, ChairMitch Weiss, Executive Di...

Jimmy Santiago Baca

American poet and educator (born 1952) Jimmy Santiago BacaBaca during the videotaping of Add-Verse, 2004Born (1952-01-02) January 2, 1952 (age 72)Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.OccupationPoetNotable worksMartin and Meditations on the South ValleyNotable awardsAmerican Book Award, Pushcart Prize, International Hispanic Heritage Award, International Award.SpouseMarriedWebsitewww.jimmysantiagobaca.com Jimmy Santiago Baca (born January 2, 1952) is an American poet, memoirist, and screenwriter fro...

 

Liverpool Lime Street railway station

Terminus railway station for the city of Liverpool on the West Coast Mainline Liverpool Lime Street redirects here. For the actual street, see Lime Street, Liverpool. Not to be confused with London Liverpool Street. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Liverpool Lime Street railway station – news · newspapers ...

 

Money Honey (Bay City Rollers song)

1975 single by Bay City RollersMoney HoneySingle by Bay City Rollersfrom the album Rock n' Roll Love Letter B-sideMaryanneReleasedNovember 1975 (UK)February 1976 (US)Recorded1975GenrePower pop[1]Length3:17LabelAristaSongwriter(s)Eric Faulkner, Stuart WoodBay City Rollers singles chronology Saturday Night (1976) Money Honey (1975) Rock and Roll Love Letter (1976) Money Honey is the title of a 1975 international hit single by the Bay City Rollers, taken from their album Rock n' Roll Lov...

Ben Davis (apple)

Apple cultivar Malus domestica Ben DavisCultivarBen DavisOriginunknown, USA, approx. 1800[1] Ben Davis is an apple cultivar. Typical size: width 74-80 mm, height 63-75 mm, stalk 19-23 mm.[2][3][4] History During the 19th century and early 20th century it was a popular commercial apple[1] due to the ruggedness and keeping qualities of the fruit. As packing and transportation techniques improved, the cultivar fell out of favor, replaced by others consider...

 

لغز طفلة السقوط (فيلم)

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (نوفمبر 2021) لغز طفلة السقوط (بالإنجليزية: Puzzle of a Downfall Child)‏  الصنف فيلم دراما[1]  الموضوع تحاول عارضة أزياء شهيرة أن تحقق النجاح في عالم عرض الأزياء في نيويورك، �...

 

Miss Grand Kosovo

Artikel ini bukan mengenai Miss Kosovo. Miss Grand KosovoLogo Miss GrandTanggal pendirian2014TipeKontes kecantikanKantor pusatPrištinaLokasi KosovoJumlah anggota Miss Grand InternationalBahasa resmi AlbaniaPresidenSherif Pacolli Frontina Gashi – Miss Grand Kosovo 2020 Miss Grand Kosovo (Albania: Miss Grand Kosovë) adalah kontes kecantikan di Kosovo yang diselenggarakan sejak tahun 2014 oleh Lens Production yang diketuai oleh Sherif Pacolli,[1] dan sebelumnya disiarkan di RTK ...

Wallace and Gromit's Cracking Contraptions

2002 British filmWallace & Gromit's Cracking ContraptionsCover artDirected byLoyd PriceChristopher SadlerWritten byMerlin CrossinghamSeamus MaloneNick ParkLoyd PriceChristopher SadlerMike SalterBased onWallace & GromitNick ParkProduced byHarry LindenPeter LordStarringPeter SallisCinematographyAndy MacCormackEdited byJohn CarnochanMusic byJulian NottProductioncompanyAardman AnimationsDistributed byAtom FilmsRelease date 15 October 2002 (2002-10-15) Running timeApprox. 2...

 

Affinity Designer

Vector graphics editor Affinity DesignerAffinity Designer 1.8 on macOS CatalinaDeveloper(s)Serif EuropeInitial release1 October 2014; 9 years ago (2014-10-01)Stable release2.5.3 / 24 June 2024; 22 days ago (2024-06-24)[1] Operating systemmacOS, Microsoft Windows, iPadOSAvailable in9 languagesList of languagesEnglish, German, Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Japanese, Chinese, RussianTypeVector graphics editorLicenseProprietaryWebsiteaffinity.se...

 

Women surrealists

Women involved with the Surrealist movement Remedios Varo, Exploration of the Source of the Orinoco River, 1959. Women Surrealists are women artists, photographers, filmmakers and authors connected with the surrealist movement, which began in the early 1920s. Painters Gertrude Abercrombie (1909–1977), Chicago artist inspired by the Surrealists, who became prominent in the 1930s and 1940s. She was also involved with the jazz music scene and was friends with musicians such as Dizzy Gillespie,...

Pengaturan distribusi cahaya

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2022. Pengaturan distribusi cahaya adalah pengaturan jumlah besaran cahaya untuk keperluan penerangan listrik. Kegiatan pengaturan distribusi cahaya umum ditemukan di dalam ruang teater, bioskop, studio film dan televisi, serta auditorium. Pada penerangan l...

 

Trò chơi di động

Ảnh chụp màn hình trò chơi Edge được mô phỏng lại trên điện thoại di động Sony Ericsson W880i Trò chơi điện tử Các nền tảng Trò chơi arcade Trò chơi console Máy console Máy chơi trò chơi điện tử tại gia Máy chơi trò chơi điện tử cầm tay Trò chơi điện tử Trò chơi âm thanh Trò chơi điện tử cầm tay Trò chơi trực tuyến Webgame Trò chơi mạng xã hội Trò chơi di động PC Linux Mac Trò chơi thực ...

 

Jacky Terrasson (album)

1994 studio album by Jacky TerrassonJacky TerrassonStudio album by Jacky TerrassonReleased1994RecordedJune–August 1994StudioClinton Studios, Power Station, NYCGenreJazzLength55:00LabelBlue NoteProducerJacky TerrassonJacky Terrasson chronology Moon and Sand(1991) Jacky Terrasson(1994) Reach(1995) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[1]Entertainment WeeklyA[2]Los Angeles Times[3]The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings[5]The Rolling Stone J...

Diocèse de Quimper et Léon

Diocèse de Quimper et Léon(la) Dioecesis Corisopitensis (-Leonensis) Cathédrale Saint-Corentin de Quimper. Informations générales Pays France Église catholique Rite liturgique romain Type de juridiction diocèse suffragant Création Ve siècle Affiliation Église catholique en France Province ecclésiastique Rennes Siège Quimper Conférence des évêques Conférence des évêques de France Titulaire actuel Laurent Dognin Langue(s) liturgique(s) françaisbreton Calendrier grégori...

 

Dora Marsden

English suffragette and editor (1882–1960) Dora MarsdenMarsden in 1912BornDora Marsden5 March 1882Marsden, Yorkshire, EnglandDied13 December 1960 (aged 78)Dumfries, ScotlandOccupationeditor, essayist, suffragist, philosopher, feministNationalityEnglishLiterary movementwomen's suffrage, feminism, anarchism, modernismNotable worksThe Freewoman The New FreewomanThe Egoist Part of a series onAnarcha-feminism Core tenets Anarchism Feminism Free love Intersectionality Reproductive rights Women's ...