Chinese Mongolians can be subdivided into three groups: Mongolian citizens of ethnic Chinese background, temporary residents with Chinese citizenship, and permanent residents with Chinese citizenship. Mongolia's 1956 census counted ethnic Chinese as 1.9% of the population; the United States government estimated their proportion to be 2% in 1987, or roughly 40,000 people.[1] The 2000 census showed 1,323 permanent residents of Chinese descent; this figure does not include naturalised citizens, temporary residents, nor illegal immigrants.[2] Illegal immigrants from China were estimated at 10,000 in the 1990s; some use Mongolia as a transit point into Russia.[3]
Ethnic Chinese artists were hired by Bilge Khagan of the Second Turkic Khaganate.[4][5] Chinese text on a silk piece of yellow color was found in a Turkic tomb.[6]
During the Liao dynasty, Han Chinese lived in Kedun, situated in present-day Mongolia.[7] Chinese farmers migrated in.[8][9][10] Many Han people migrated to cities located in modern-day Mongolia under Liao rule.[11]
Ethnic Han officials were sent by the Yuan dynasty to the Lingbei Province (modern-day Mongolia and Siberia; 和宁路 益蘭州 謙州).[12] The Yenisei area had a community of weavers of Han origin, and Samarkand and Outer Mongolia both had artisans of Han origin, as observed by Qiu Chuji.[13]
During the Ming dynasty, ethnic Chinese military frontiersmen in Liaodong were prone to mixing and acculturating with non-Han tribesmen.[14]
Ethnic Chinese soldiers served in the Yuan army against the Ming, and the Mongols were joined by many Chinese defectors. The Mongol Mangui served in the Ming military and fought the Manchus, dying in battle against a Manchu raid. Some Chinese people who lived among the Mongols in Inner Mongolia, while in their youth, adopted Mongol culture and married Mongol women. A Han military officer who defected to the Mongols was "Monkey Li" (Li Huai) who fought against the Ming dynasty.[15][16][17]
Historically, the Gobi served as a barrier to large-scale Han settlement in what was, before 1921, called Outer Mongolia; the unsuitability of most of the territory for agriculture made settlement less attractive. Some Han settlements in Mongolia were founded in 1725, when farmers moved there by decree of the Qing dynasty to cultivate food for soldiers fighting against the Dzungars. They were established in the Orkhon and Tuul river basins, and in 1762, in the Khovd region. After the fighting ended, the Qing closed off Mongolia (then under Qing rule) to immigration[18] and occasionally evicted Han merchants.
Despite those restrictions, trade firms owned by Han people continually penetrated Mongolia, concentrating mainly in Ikh Khüree, Uliastai, Khovd and Kyakhta. Their trade practices and the lifestyle of the Mongol nobility lead to an ever-increasing indebtedness of the banners, nobles, and ordinary people, and Han-owned businesses became a target of public discontent as early as Chingünjav's uprising in 1756. The spill-over from the Dungan rebellions of the 1870s into Mongolia also saw a number of Han-owned businesses in Khovd and Uliastai destroyed. Many of the ethnic Han merchants lived in Mongolia only seasonally or until they had made enough money to return to China proper. Others took Mongol wives, at least for the time of being in Mongolia.
In 1906, the Qing dynasty began to implement policies[which?] aimed at Chinese colonization of Outer Mongolia along the lines of those in Inner Mongolia, but these policies never took full effect as a result of the Xinhai Revolution and the Mongolian declaration of independence from China. The total Han population at that time, mainly consisting of traders and artisans, but also of some colonists, can be estimated to have been at some ten thousand.[citation needed]
Upon Mongolia's declaration of independence, many Chinese became victims of atrocities,[citation needed] particularly in Khovd. However, after 1912, Chinese businesses were able to continue their operations, including collection of debts, largely unimpeded. It was only the establishment of communism that meant an end to Chinese trade in Mongolia. Ever-increasing obstacles to commerce were created, and the closure of the border to China for imports in 1928 meant an end for Chinese enterprise in the country.
With the People's Republic of China development aid projects of the 1950s, many Han Chinese entered Mongolia, beginning in 1955. By 1961, they had reached a number of 20,000. However, after the Sino-Soviet split in the early 1960s, in which Mongolia sided with the Soviets, China eventually withdrew most of its workers.[19] At the same time, Mongolian politicians or academicians with alleged links to China (e.g. Ts. Lookhuuz or G. Sükhbaatar) became victims of political purges. In the early 1980s, Ulan Bator was reported to have a small Chinese community, which published a Chinese-language newspaper and which looked to the Chinese embassy there for moral support. However, in 1983, Mongolia systematically began expelling some of the remaining 7,000 Chinese contract workers in Mongolia to China. At the same time, ethnic Chinese who had become naturalized citizens were reported to be unaffected. Because the presence and the status of Chinese residents in Mongolia were politically sensitive subjects, Mongolian sources usually avoided mentioning the Chinese at all.[1]
After the introduction of democracy, another wave of Chinese immigrants has entered the country. Many of the migrants work in the construction sector, while others run small or medium enterprises. Negative sentiment against Chinese migrants remains;[20] China is seen as a potential threat to Mongolia's security and cultural identity.[21] However, not all recent immigrants from China are ethnic Han Chinese; in particular, there are a number of Mongolian Chinese.[22]
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Country Studies. Federal Research Division.
For other people named John Berryman, see John Berryman (disambiguation). John BerrymanDepiction of the Charge of the Light BrigadeBorn(1825-07-18)18 July 1825Dudley, EnglandDied27 June 1896(1896-06-27) (aged 70)Woldingham, EnglandBuriedSt Agatha's Churchyard, WoldinghamAllegianceUnited KingdomService/branchBritish ArmyRankMajorUnit17th Lancers5th LancersBattles/warsCrimean WarAnglo-Zulu WarAwardsVictoria Cross John Berryman VC (18 July 1825 – 27 June 1896) was a British Army non-commissi…
Amuleto que representa el pilar Dyed El pilar Dyed, o Dyed, simbolizaba la estabilidad. Pudo representar la columna vertebral del dios Osiris, un árbol, un poste conformado por gavillas de grano atadas, etc. Es uno de los símbolos más reproducido en la mitología egipcia, aunque se desconoce el objeto que representa realmente. Puede aparecer acompañado de otros símbolos, como son el cetro uas poder o dominio y el anj vida. Pilar Dyed. Historia El pilar Dyed pudo ser un antiguo fetiche de la…
Serrana azul, também conhecida por cabra azul e as vezes chamada de cabra serrana, é uma raça de cabra surgida na região nordeste do Brasil.[1] História Desde o descobrimento do Brasil, os portugueses trouxeram diversos tipos de cabra ao país, muitas foram deixadas principalmente no nordeste onde tiveram que se adaptar e sobreviver, desenvolvendo-se por séculos, resultando nos animais atuais. A cabra serrana azul é descendente direta da cabra serrana de origem portuguesa. Porém a raça …
Ministry for the Development of the Periphery, the Negev and the Galileeהמשרד לפיתוח הפריפריה, הנגב והגלילAgency overviewFormed2005JurisdictionGovernment of IsraelMinister responsibleYitzhak WasserlaufWebsitewww.vpmo.gov.il The Ministry for the Development of the Periphery, the Negev and the Galilee (Hebrew: הַמִּשְׂרָד לְפִּיתּוּחַ הַפֶּרִיפֶרְיָה, הַנֶּגֶב וְהַגָּלִיל, HaMisrad LeFitu'ah HaPeriferya, H…
164th Airlift Wing164th Airlift Wing C-17 Globemaster IIIActive1 April 1961 – presentCountry United StatesAllegiance TennesseeBranch Air National GuardTypeWingRoleAirliftPart ofTennessee Air National GuardGarrison/HQMemphis Air National Guard Base, Memphis, TennesseeInsignia164th Airlift Wing emblemTail StripeRed with Memphis in white lettersMilitary unit The 164th Airlift Wing is a unit of the Tennessee Air National Guard, stationed at Memphis Air National Guard Base, Ten…
Character from Popeye Not to be confused with Olive oil. Fictional character Olive OylThimble Theatre/Popeye characterFirst appearanceThimble Theatre (1919)Created byE. C. SegarPortrayed byShelley Duvall (1980 film)LJ Baggett (Brotherly Love)[1]Linda Peretz (Popeye y Olivia)[2]Jéssica Nogueira (Vale Cap commercial)[3]Voiced by List EnglishBonnie Poe (1933–1934)Mae Questel (1933–1938, 1944–1962, 1983)Harry Foster Welch (1934–1940s public events, 1960s Peter Pan Re…
KofolaJenisMinuman ringanProdusenKofola, a.s.Negara asalCekoslowakiaDiperkenalkan1960Produk terkaitCoca-Cola, Pepsi Kofola adalah minuman ringan berkarbonasi yang diproduksi oleh perusahaan Kofola yang bermarkas di Krnov, Republik Ceko. Minuman ini merupakan saingan utama Coca-Cola dan Pepsi di Republik Ceko dan Slowakia. Kofola pertama kali ditemukan di Institut Penelitian Tumbuhan Pengobatan Cekoslowakia di Praha pada tahun 1959. Pada dasawarsa 1960-an dan 1970-an, minuman ini menjadi sangat p…
Coordenadas: 48° 50' 24 N 6° 30' 08 E Amelécourt Comuna francesa Símbolos Brasão de armas Localização AmelécourtLocalização de Amelécourt na França Coordenadas 48° 50' 24 N 6° 30' 08 E País França Região Grande Leste Departamento Mosela Características geográficas Área total 7,56 km² População total (2018) [1] 152 hab. Densidade 20,1 hab./km² Código Postal 57170 Código INSEE 57018 Amelécourt …
Покрасс Данило ЯковичОсновна інформаціяДата народження 17 (30) листопада 1905Місце народження Київ, Російська імперіяДата смерті 16 квітня 1954(1954-04-16)[1] (48 років)Місце смерті Москва, СРСРПричина смерті інфаркт міокардаПоховання Новодівичий цвинтарГромадянство Російська і
Ne doit pas être confondu avec Salle opératoire. Pour les articles homonymes, voir PC. Abris modulaires de poste de commandement de l'armée française. Véhicule poste de commandement des pompiers allemands. Navire poste de commande de la marine espagnole de Classe Meteoro. Dans le vocable militaire, une salle d'opérations, également appelée poste de commandement (PC), est constituée dans le but d'assurer la coordination des actions sur le plan stratégique le plus haut de groupes d'armé…
For other people named David Miller, see David Miller (disambiguation). This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: David Miller poet – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 200…
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Аврора (значения). Аврора Жанры детский, исторический Техники анимации кукольная анимация и рисованная Режиссёр Роман Качанов Авторы сценария Роман Качанов Аркадий Тюрин Роли озвучивали Вячеслав Тихонов Алексей Консо…
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Villeneuve. Villeneuve-d'Ascq Le château de Flers, en hiver. Héraldique Administration Pays France Région Hauts-de-France Département Nord Arrondissement Lille Intercommunalité Métropole européenne de Lille Maire Mandat Gérard Caudron 2020-2026 Code postal 59491, 59493, 59650 Code commune 59009 Démographie Gentilé Villeneuvois Populationmunicipale 61 258 hab. (2020 ) Densité 2 231 hab./km2 Population agglomération 1 053 …
1990 film by Lewis Teague Navy SEALsTheatrical posterDirected byLewis TeagueWritten byChuck PfarrerGary GoldmanProduced byBrenda FeigenBernard WilliamsStarring Charlie Sheen Michael Biehn Joanne Whalley-Kilmer Rick Rossovich Cyril O'Reilly Bill Paxton Dennis Haysbert CinematographyJohn A. AlonzoEdited byDon ZimmermanMusic bySylvester LevayProductioncompanyOrion PicturesDistributed byOrion PicturesRelease date July 20, 1990 (1990-07-20) Running time113 minutesCountryUnited StatesLa…
Mythical settlers of Ireland Ambassadors of the Fir Bolg and Tuath Dé meeting before the Battle of Moytura. An illustration by Stephen Reid in T. W. Rolleston's Myths & Legends of the Celtic Race, 1911 In medieval Irish myth, the Fir Bolg (also spelt Firbolg and Fir Bholg) are the fourth group of people to settle in Ireland. They are descended from the Muintir Nemid, an earlier group who abandoned Ireland and went to different parts of Europe. Those who went to Greece became the Fir Bolg an…
American writer and TV producer (born 1948) George R. R. MartinMartin in 2017BornGeorge Raymond Martin (1948-09-20) September 20, 1948 (age 75)Bayonne, New Jersey, U.S.OccupationNovelistscreenwritershort-story writerEducationNorthwestern University (BS, MS)GenreFantasyhorrorscience fictionNotable worksA Song of Ice and FireWild Cards anthology seriesThe Thousand World storiesSpouses Gale Burnick (m. 1975; div. 1979) Parris McBride R…
Ice hockey player Matt Pope Pope with the Hershey Bears in 2012Born (1984-08-05) August 5, 1984 (age 39)Langley, British Columbia, CanadaHeight 6 ft 2 in (188 cm)Weight 204 lb (93 kg; 14 st 8 lb)Position Right wingShot RightPlayed for Binghamton SenatorsManitoba MooseHershey BearsSan Antonio RampageBakersfield CondorsAalborg PiratesHC ValpelliceHC BolzanoTohoku Free BladesCardiff DevilsNHL Draft UndraftedPlaying career 2008–2020 Matt Pope (born Augus…
Causeway between the islands of Vatersay and Barra in the Outer Hebrides Vatersay CausewayRathad Bhàgh BhatarsaighThe Vatersay CausewayCoordinates56°56′48.2″N 7°31′56.2″W / 56.946722°N 7.532278°W / 56.946722; -7.532278CarriesA888CrossesSound of VatersayOwnerComhairle nan Eilean SiarCharacteristicsTotal length0.25 kilometres (0.16 mi)HistoryArchitectTransport ScotlandConstructed byR.J. McLeod (Contractors) Ltd.Construction start1989Construction end1991Con…
Brahmins native to Manipur This article is about the Meitei speaking Brahmins. For the overall Meitei speaking community, see Meitei people. Manipuri Brahmin Meitei BrahminMeitei Bamon (literally meaning Meitei Brahmin in Meitei language) written in Meitei scriptLanguagesSanskrit (sacred), Meitei (officially called Manipuri)ReligionHinduism (Manipuri Vaishnavism)Related ethnic groupsOther Brahmin groups: Bengali BrahminUtkala Brahmin[1]Maithil BrahminNagar Brahmin[2] Part of a se…
Benjamin IsaacBenjamin Isaac, 2008Born (1945-05-10) May 10, 1945 (age 78)Geneva, SwitzerlandNationalityIsraeliAlma materUniversity of AmsterdamSpouseIda IsaacScientific careerInstitutionsTel Aviv University Benjamin Henri Isaac (Ben Isaac;Hebrew: בנימין איזק; born May 10, 1945) is the Fred and Helen Lessing Professor of Ancient History Emeritus at Tel Aviv University. He is a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities[1] and of the American Philosophical …
Lokasi Pengunjung: 3.144.7.73