Erysimum collinum

Erysimum collinum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Erysimum
Species:
E. collinum
Binomial name
Erysimum collinum

Erysimum collinum is a plant species in the family Brassicaceae. It is a member of the genus Erysimum, which includes between 150 and 350 species in the Northern Hemisphere.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

Morphology

Erysimum collinum is a biennial species. Plants are typically branching at the base, with 1-7 stems at the time of flowering. Leaves (length 14–50 mm, width 2–11 mm) are covered in hairs and are narrower at the base. Flowers are yellow with glabrous petals 6–11 mm long and 2–4 mm wide. There are 30-60 flowers in the main raceme. Seed pods are 56–95 mm long, 1.3–2 mm wide, square with non-obvious edges, and aligned parallel to the flower stalk. Flower stalks are rounded and 500 – 820 mm tall at the time of seed set.[3][5][10]

Immature Erysimum collinum seed pods

Occurrence

Erysimum collinum is native to southeastern Russia, Armenia, Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, and Iran, where it grows at altitudes from 700 to 1390 m.[5] Habitats where E. collinum is found include cultivated fields, river banks, and rocky areas.

Taxonomy

In a 2014 taxonomic revision, E. aucherianum, E. gayanum, E. gracile, and E. passgalense are considered to be the same species as E. collinum.[3] The revised species has both diploid (2n = 14) and hexaploid (2n = 42) members.[5] Based on sequence comparisons of expressed genes in 48 Erysimum species, E. collinum is most closely related to E. crassipes and E. crassicaule.[11]

Chemical defenses

The genus Erysimum is known for containing two major classes of defensive metabolites: glucosinolates, which are characteristic of all Brassicaceae, and cardiac glycosides (cardenolides), which are found only within the genus Erysimum.[12] However, unlike other analyzed members of the genus Erysimum, E. collinum contains only trace amounts of cardiac glycosides (cardenolides).[11] Nevertheless, extracts of E. collinum showed some inhibitory activity of the mammalian sodium-potassium ATPase pump (Na+/K+-ATPase), the main molecular target of cardenolides.[11]

The most abundant glucosinolate in E. collinum is glucoerypestrin (3-methoxycarbonylpropyl glucosinolate),[11] which has been reported only within the genus Erysimum,[13] including also in the species E. repandum (syn. E. pulchellum), E. odoratum, and E. ochroleucum.[11][13][14][15] Other glucosinolates found in E. collinum are indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate, 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate, 3-methylsulfinylpropyl glucosinolate, 2-methylpropyl glucosinolate, and n-methylbutyl glucosinolate.[11]

References

  1. ^ Moazzeni, Hamid; Zarre, Shahin; Pfeil, Bernard E.; Bertrand, Yann J. K.; German, Dmitry A.; Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A.; Mummenhoff, Klaus; Oxelman, Bengt (2014). "Phylogenetic perspectives on diversification and character evolution in the species-rich genusErysimum(Erysimeae; Brassicaceae) based on a densely sampled ITS approach". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 175 (4): 497–522. doi:10.1111/boj.12184. ISSN 0024-4074.
  2. ^ Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. (2012). "A generic and tribal synopsis of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)". Taxon. 61 (5): 931–954. doi:10.1002/tax.615002. ISSN 1996-8175.
  3. ^ a b c German, D. (2014). "Notes on taxonomy of Erysimum (Erysimeae, Cruciferae) of Russia and adjacent states. I. Erysimum collinum and Erysimum hajastanicum" (PDF). Turczaninowia. 17 (1): 10–32. doi:10.14258/turczaninowia.17.1.3.[permanent dead link‍]
  4. ^ Polatschek, A. (2009). "Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Teil 1: Russland, die Nachfolgestaaten der USSR (excl. Georgien, Armenien, Azerbaidzan), China, Indien, Pakistan, Japan und Korea". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie. 111: 181–275. ISSN 0255-0105. JSTOR 41767461.
  5. ^ a b c d Polatschek, A. (2010). "Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae), Teil 2: Georgien, Armenien, Azerbaidzan, Türkei, Syrien, Libanon, Israel, Jordanien, Irak, Iran, Afghanistan". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie. 112: 369–497. ISSN 0255-0105. JSTOR 41767489.
  6. ^ Polatschek, A. (2012). "Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae), Teil 3: Amerika und Grönland". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie. 113: 139–192. ISSN 0255-0105. JSTOR 41767509.
  7. ^ Polatschek, A. (2013). "Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Teil 4. Nordafrika, Malta und Zypern". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie. 115: 57–74. ISSN 0255-0105. JSTOR 43922110.
  8. ^ Polatschek, A. (2013). "Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Teil 5. Nord-, West-, Zentraleuropa, Rumänien und westliche Balkan-Halbinsel bis Albanien". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie. 115: 75–218. ISSN 0255-0105. JSTOR 43922111.
  9. ^ Polatschek, A. (2014). "Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Nachträge zu den Bearbeitungen der Iberischen Halbinsel und Makaronesiens". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie. 116: 87–105. ISSN 0255-0105. JSTOR 43922289.
  10. ^ Moazzeni, Hamid; Assadi, Mostafa; Zare, Golshan; Mirtadzadini, Mahshour; Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A (2016-07-29). "Vol 269, No 1". Phytotaxa. 269 (1). doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.269.1. ISSN 1179-3163.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Züst, Tobias; Strickler, Susan R; Powell, Adrian F; Mabry, Makenzie E; An, Hong; Mirzaei, Mahdieh; York, Thomas; Holland, Cynthia K; Kumar, Pavan; Erb, Matthias; Petschenka, Georg; Gómez, José-María; Perfectti, Francsco; Müller, Caroline; Pires, J Chris; Mueller, Lukas; Jander, Georg (2020-04-07). "Independent evolution of ancestral and novel defenses in a genus of toxic plants (Erysimum, Brassicaceae)". eLife. 9: e51712. doi:10.7554/eLife.51712. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 7180059. PMID 32252891.
  12. ^ Züst, Tobias; Mirzaei, Mahdieh; Jander, Georg (2018-12-01). "Erysimum cheiranthoides, an ecological research system with potential as a genetic and genomic model for studying cardiac glycoside biosynthesis". Phytochemistry Reviews. 17 (6): 1239–1251. doi:10.1007/s11101-018-9562-4. ISSN 1572-980X. S2CID 53857970.
  13. ^ a b Fahey, Jed W.; Zalcmann, Amy T.; Talalay, Paul (2001-01-01). "The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants". Phytochemistry. 56 (1): 5–51. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00316-2. ISSN 0031-9422. PMID 11198818.
  14. ^ Chisholm, M. D. (1973-03-01). "Biosynthesis of 3-methoxycarbonylpropylglucosinolate in an Erysimum species". Phytochemistry. 12 (3): 605–608. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84451-9. ISSN 0031-9422.
  15. ^ Kjær, Anders; Gmelin, Rolf; Sandberg, Rune; Schliack, J.; Reio, L. (1957). "isoThiocyanates. XXV. Methyl 4-isoThiocyanatobutyrate, a New Mustard Oil Present as a Glucoside (Glucoerypestrin) in Erysimum Species". Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 11: 577–578. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.11-0577. ISSN 0904-213X.