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Eritrean Australians
Total population
	6,863 (by ancestry, 2016) ; 4,289 (by birth, 2016).
Regions with significant populations
	Melbourne
Languages
	Various (languages of Eritrea), Australian English
Religion
	Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Islam
Related ethnic groups
	Ethiopian Australians, Sudanese Australians, Somali Australians

Eritrean Australians are a hyphenated ethnicity of Australians who are of full or partial Eritrean national origin, heritage and/or ancestry. They are immigrants from Eritrea to Australia and their descendants. Eritrea is a multi-ethnic country with the most common ethnic group being the Tigrinya, however Tigrinya speakers are more commonly found in Ethiopia than Eritrea,^[4] because of this many Eritreans can be found in Ethiopian communities.^[3]

Migration history

Eritrea gained independence in 1991 and many Eritreans left after independence was gained due to the Eritrean–Ethiopian War and to escape the government of Isaias Afwerki. But between 1983 and 1993, a few hundred Eritreans arrived in Australia as refugees due to the Eritrean War of Independence, they were given special condition under the Australia's Humanitarian Program which allowed an average of 100 Eritreans to migrate for the first three years of the program. But before 1983 only a few Eritrean arrived in Australia as refugees. Many arrivals before 1993 were young men whose educations had been interrupted by the war of independence. Many of the refugees settled in Victoria within the suburbs of Springvale and Maribyrnong and mostly worked in factories.^[5]

The peak of Eritrean refugee resettlement to Australia came after 1993, as many Eritreans left the country after independence due to the Eritrean–Ethiopian War and to escape the government of Isaias Afwerki. Many Eritreans have suffered tragedy while immigrating to other countries, including Australia.^[6]

Numbers and distribution

According to the 2016 Australian census 4,289 Australians were born in Eritrea^[2] while another 6,863 claimed ancestry,^[1] however the Eritrean community is a relatively new community to Australia and these numbers grow every year.^[5]

About 50% of Eritreans live in Melbourne, alongside communities of immigrants from other countries in the Horn of Africa, mainly Ethiopia and Somalia;^[7] they are primarily settled in the City of Brimbank and neighbouring suburbs such as Wyndham, Carlton, Hume, Moonee Valley, and Maribyrnong. Other communities of Eritreans can be found in Queensland and Western Australia.^[3]

Education and employment

According to the 2016 Census, 91.3% of Eritrean-born Australians are 15 years and over in age, and only 3% have a Postgraduate Degree, 1% have a Grad Dip & Grad Cert, 11.8% have a bachelor's degree, 12.2% have an Advanced Dip & Diploma, 11.9% have a Certificate, 43.3% have a School Education only, 6.4% have no education and 10% didn't state/other.^[3]

Eritrean-born individuals in Australia aged 15 years are heavily employed in the labour force at a rate of 56.2%; the unemployment rate for Eritreans was 11.4%. Of the 88.6% of Eritrean-born immigrants who were employed, 11.9% worked in a Manufacturing, 1.35% in Construction, 5.8% in Wholesale & retail trade, 1.9% in Accommodation & Food services, 14.8% in Transport, postal & warehousing, 10% in Prof, Scientific, Technical & Admin, 3.8% in Public Administration and Safety, 7.9% in Education & Training, 25.2% in Health Care & Social Assistance, 5.1% in Arts, Recreation & Other services, 12.25% in Inadequately Described/Not Stated/Other.^[3] In Melbourne, some have set up ethnic-oriented businesses, such as hair salons, clothing shops, and restaurants with a mostly Habesha customer base.^[7]

Religion

Religious divisions among migrants from Eritrea follow ethnic lines. Most of the Tigrayans are members of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church while most but not all of the Tigre people, Bilen people and the Nara people are followers of Islam. The Rashaida people, Afar people and the Saho people are almost all followers of Islam. The Kunama people follow Traditional African religions however some are Christian.^[8]^[3]

Notable people

Fessehaie Abraham, first Eritrean Australian ambassador
Michael Adonai, artist
Berhan Ahmed, social activist
Golgol Mebrahtu, football player

References

^ ^a ^b "Ancestry - Australia - Community profile". .id. ABS. 2016. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
^ ^a ^b "Birthplace - Australia - Community profile". .id. ABS. 2016. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Eritrea-Community-Profile-2016-Census" (PDF). Victoria State Government. 2016. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
^ "The World Factbook". Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
^ ^a ^b "Community Information Summary" (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia. 2018. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
^ Afeworki, Samuel (2015). "Journey from Eritrea to Australia". Australian Institute of International Affairs. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
^ ^a ^b Gow 2001
^ "Africa :: ERITREA". CIA The World Factbook.

Sources

Gow, Greg (2001), "Ethiopians", in Jupp, James (ed.), The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-80789-0