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Eresus
	Male Eresus kollari
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Araneae
Infraorder:	Araneomorphae
Family:	Eresidae
Genus:	Eresus; Walckenaer, 1805
Species
	24, see text

Eresus, also called ladybird spiders,^[2] is a genus of velvet spiders (family Eresidae) that was first described by Charles Athanase Walckenaer in 1805.^[3] Members of the genus formerly called Eresus cinnaberinus or Eresus niger are now placed in one of three species: Eresus kollari, Eresus sandaliatus and Eresus moravicus.^[2]

Description

They resemble both jumping spiders and the spiders in the Palpimanidae, as their body shapes are similar and their body is velvety. Males of this genus have a red abdomen with black spotting, usually sporting 4 black spots. The rest of the body is usually black, with some reddish or white areas. Females of this genus usually have dull colors, in grey, brown or black tones. For most individuals, the full body length reaches 8.5 to 20mm, with a distinct prosomal length of 3.6 to 6.1 mm. In some species, the females have some yellow coloration, though they are still significantly duller than the males.^[4]

Identification

Males of this genus can usually be distinguished by their unique abdominal pattern. Which in the lateral areas has two pairs of black patches which is surrounded by some reddish coloration. Sometimes they also have an extra pair. Females are harder to distinguish, with a species specific dedicated identification section being needed.^[4]

Distribution

They are found in Europe, Asia, and Africa, usually in non-forested warm and dry habitats. Their life^[5] cycle is completed in 3–4 years, after they undergo dispersion and reach a juvenile state and turn into predators. Some species build a vertical burrow which is lined with silk, the opening being camouflaged with a silken sheet of debris. While some species don't build a burrow and just make their tubes under stones.^[4]

Species

As of October 2021^[update] it contains twenty-four species:^[1]

Eresus adaleari Zamani & Szűts, 2020 - Iran
Eresus albopictus Simon, 1873 – Morocco, Algeria
Eresus bifasciatus Ermolajev, 1937 – Russia (South Siberia)
Eresus crassitibialis Wunderlich, 1987 – Canary Is.
Eresus granosus Simon, 1895 – Russia (West Siberia), China
Eresus hermani Kovács, Prazsák, Eichardt, Vári & Gyurkovics, 2015 – Hungary, Slovakia^[6]
Eresus kollari Rossi, 1846 – Europe,^[6] Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Iran, Central Asia
- Eresus k. frontalis Latreille, 1819 – Spain
- Eresus k. ignicomis Simon, 1914 – France (Corsica)
- Eresus k. latefasciatus Simon, 1911 – Algeria
- Eresus k. tricolor Simon, 1873 – France (Corsica)
Eresus lavrosiae Mcheidze, 1997 – Georgia
Eresus lishizheni 2021 - China
Eresus moravicus Řezáč, 2008 – Austria, Hungary, Czech Rep., Slovakia,^[6] Albania
Eresus pharaonis Walckenaer, 1837 – Egypt
Eresus robustus Franganillo, 1918 – Spain
Eresus rotundiceps Simon, 1873 – Ukraine, Turkmenistan
Eresus ruficapillus C. L. Koch, 1846 – Italy (Sicily)
Eresus sandaliatus (Martini & Goeze, 1778) – Europe
Eresus sedilloti Simon, 1881 – Portugal, Spain
Eresus solitarius Simon, 1873 – Mediterranean
Eresus tristis Kroneberg, 1875 - Kazakhstan
Eresus walckenaeri Brullé, 1832 – Mediterranean
- Eresus w. moerens C. L. Koch, 1846 – Afghanistan

References

^ ^a ^b "Gen. Eresus Walckenaer, 1805". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2019. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
^ ^a ^b Řezáč, M.; Pekár, S.; Johannesen, J. (2008). "Taxonomic review and phylogenetic analysis of central European Eresus species (Araneae: Eresidae)". Zoologica Scripta. 37 (3): 263–287. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00328.x. S2CID 85578392.
^ Walckenaer, C. A. (1805). Tableau des aranéides ou caractères essentiels des tribus, genres, familles et races que renferme le genre Aranea de Linné, avec la désignation des espèces comprises dans chacune de ces divisions.
^ ^a ^b ^c Miller, Jeremy A.; Griswold, Charles E.; Scharff, Nikolaj; Řezáč, Milan; Szűts, Tamás; Marhabaie, Mohammad (2012-05-17). "The velvet spiders: an atlas of the Eresidae (Arachnida, Araneae)". ZooKeys (195): 1–144. Bibcode:2012ZooK..195....1M. doi:10.3897/zookeys.195.2342. ISSN 1313-2989. PMC 3361087. PMID 22679386.
^ Perez, Zarcos, Laura; Sánchez, Piñero, Francisco (2016-11-01). "Diet of the ladybird spider Eresus kollari (Araneae: Eresidae) in an arid system of southeastern Spain". Journal of Arachnology. 44 (3): 359–366. doi:10.1636/P15-74.1. Retrieved 2023-03-17.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Araneae". SARAS (in Slovak).