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Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc
Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc
Grand Master of the Order of Saint John
	In office; 12 November 1775 – 14 July 1797
Preceded by	Francisco Ximénez de Tejada
Succeeded by	Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim
Personal details
Born	18 April 1725; La Mancha, Spain
Died	14 July 1797 (aged 72); Valletta, Hospitaller Malta
Resting place	St. John's Co-Cathedral, Valletta
Nationality	French
Military service
Allegiance	Order of Saint John

Fra' Emmanuel Marie des Neiges de Rohan-Polduc (18 April 1725, in La Mancha, Spain – 14 July 1797, in Valletta, Malta) was a member of the wealthy and influential Rohan family of France, and Prince and 70th Grand Master of the Order of St. John from 1775 to 1797.

Rohan was born in la Mancha, Spain on 18 April 1725. His father was French, but had been banished to Spain. He served King Philip V of Spain in the Walloon Guards and then his son, Philip, Duke of Parma as Master of the Horse. He was sent as ambassador of Parma to the Holy Roman Emperor Francis I.

Thanks to a papal brief, Rohan was received into the Order of St. John in the Langue of France.^[1] He was named Bailiff, and in 1755 Captain-General of the Order's Navy.^[1] Following the death in 1773 of Grand Master Manuel Pinto da Fonseca, Rohan was considered a potential successor, but Francisco Ximénez de Tejada was elected instead. Ximenes' reign was unpopular due to the Order's bankruptcy. After the death of Ximenes, Rohan was elected Grand Master on 12 November 1775.^[2] The following year he convoked a Chapter General of the Order, the first to be held since 1631.^[2]

Rohan sought to win the respect of the people of the island of Malta, and he became a popular Grand Master. On 21 June 1777, he elevated the village of Żebbuġ to the status of city, naming it Città Rohan. The coat of arms of Żebbuġ contains the arms of the House of Rohan, in honour of the Grand Master.^[3] The De Rohan Arch commemorating this event was constructed in 1798.^[4]

Rohan compiled the Code de Rohan, a constitutional law book published in two volumes in 1782. He was also responsible for the publication of the Diritto Municipale in 1784. ^[5]^[6]

Rohan instituted the Anglo-Bavarian langue, which was housed in the former Palazzo Carniero. In 1797, he established the Russian Grand Priory, which later evolved into the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller.^[5]

In 1792, Rohan commissioned and partially financed the construction of Fort Tigné.^[7] St. Lucian Tower & Battery were also upgraded during Rohan's magistracy, and the complex was renamed Fort Rohan in 1795 after the Grand Master. It was rebuilt as Fort San Lucian in the 1870s, but it still retains Rohan's coat of arms on the façade.^[8]

The last few years of Rohan's magistracy were troublesome, due to the decline of the Order because of the French Revolution. Rohan suffered a stroke in 1792, and his health began to deteriorate. He died on 14 July 1797, and was buried in St. John's Co-Cathedral in Valletta. His last words were "I, at any rate, am the last grandmaster, at least of an order illustrious and independent."^[5] Less than a year after his death, the French invaded Malta and expelled the Order from the island.

References

^ ^a ^b L. F. de Villeneuve-Bargemont, Monumens des Grand Maitres de l'Ordre de Saint Jean de Jérusalem (Paris: J. J. Blaise, 1829), II, 252.
^ ^a ^b Villeneuve-Bargemont, II, 253.
^ "City of Ħaż Żebbuġ (Malta Island) (Malta)". crwflags.com. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
^ "The De Rohan Arch". Haz-Zebbug.com. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Emmanuel de Rohan (1775-1797)". Haz-Zebbug.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
^ Morana, Martin (2011). Bejn Kliem u Storja (in Maltese). Malta: Books Distributors Limited. ISBN 978-99957-0137-6. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016.
^ Spiteri, Stephen C. (2011). "Fort Tigné 1792". Arx - International Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification (1): 20. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
^ "Fort San Luċjan" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 16 December 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 27, 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2015.