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Names
	Elisabeth Gabriele Valérie Marie

Elisabeth of Bavaria
Elisabeth of Bavaria
	Elisabeth in 1920
Queen consort of the Belgians
Tenure	23 December 1909 – 17 February 1934
Born	Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria; 25 July 1876; Possenhofen Castle, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire
Died	23 November 1965 (aged 89); Brussels, Kingdom of Belgium
Burial	Church of Our Lady of Laeken
Spouse	Albert I of Belgium; (m. 1900; died 1934)
Issue	Leopold III of Belgium; Prince Charles, Count of Flanders; Marie-José, Queen of Italy;
Names
Names
	Elisabeth Gabriele Valérie Marie
House	Wittelsbach
Father	Duke Karl Theodor in Bavaria
Mother	Infanta Maria José of Portugal

Elisabeth of Bavaria (Elisabeth Gabriele Valérie Marie; 25 July 1876 – 23 November 1965) was Queen of the Belgians from 23 December 1909 to 17 February 1934 as the wife of King Albert I, and a duchess in Bavaria by birth. She was the mother of King Leopold III of Belgium and of Queen Marie-José of Italy, and grandmother of kings Baudouin and Albert II of Belgium, and Grand Duchess Joséphine-Charlotte of Luxembourg.

Family

She was born in Possenhofen Castle, her father was Duke Karl Theodor in Bavaria, head of a cadet branch of the Bavarian royal family, and an ophthalmologist. She was named after her paternal aunt, Empress Elisabeth of Austria, better known as Sisi. Her mother was Infanta Maria José of Portugal, daughter of exiled Miguel I of Portugal. Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, Empress Zita, the last Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, and Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma, husband of Grand Duchess Charlotte and brother of Empress Zita, were among Elisabeth's first cousins.

An artist himself, Duke Karl-Theodor cultivated the artistic tastes of his family and Elisabeth was raised with a deep love for painting, music and sculpture. At her father's clinic, where her mother assisted him as a nurse, Elisabeth obtained exposure to productive labor and to human suffering, unusual for a princess of that time.

Married life and queenship

In Munich on 2 October 1900, Duchess Elisabeth married Prince Albert I, second-in-line to the throne of Belgium (after his father Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders). Upon her husband's accession to the Belgian throne in 1909, Elisabeth became queen. The Congolese city of Élisabethville, today Lubumbashi, was named in her honor.

They first met in 1897 at the funeral of Elisabeth's aunt Duchess Sophie Charlotte in Bavaria, who was also the mother-in-law of Albert's sister Henriette. At the time, Prince Albert was the heir to his uncle Leopold II of Belgium. Albert was the second son of Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders, and Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, a sister of King Carol I of Romania.

At birth, Albert occupied the third place in the line of succession behind his father and elder brother, Prince Baudouin. The unexpected death of Baudouin in January 1891 immediately raised Albert to prominence within his country. A studious, quiet man, Albert was not the choice of heir that King Leopold II would have relished. As the only living male member of his generation, Albert was guaranteed the Crown of the Belgians upon the King's death. Albert had two sisters who survived into adulthood, Princess Henriette who married Prince Emmanuel of Orléans, and Princess Joséphine Caroline who married her cousin, Prince Karl-Anton of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, brother of King Ferdinand I of Romania.

In December 1909, Albert and Elisabeth became King and Queen of the Belgians, following the death of Albert's uncle, King Leopold II. The new Queen took on a much more public role than her predecessors, getting involved with many charities and organizations, particularly those in the arts and social welfare. She often surrounded herself with famous authors and artists, as well as leading scientists of the day. Her friendly nature, and true care and concern for others, quickly endeared her to the people of Belgium.

When war broke out in 1914, Queen Elisabeth worked with the nurses on the front and helped establish the Symphony Orchestra of the field army. By the end of 1914, she gave Belgian King's Messenger Archibald A. Gordon alias Major Gordon the task to participate in the establishment of the Hospital L'Océan in La Panne. The Queen traveled frequently to the United Kingdom, under the pretext of visiting her children who were studying there. She was often bringing important messages and information to the British government from her husband and his forces. Following the war, the family made a triumphant return to Brussels and set about to rebuild the nation.

During the First World War, she and the King resided in De Panne. The Queen made herself beloved by visiting the front lines and by sponsoring a nursing unit. Despite her German background, she was a popular queen, perceived as eagerly supporting her adoptive country.

From 23 September to 13 November 1919, the Queen, together with the King and Prince Leopold, undertook an official visit to the United States of America. During a journey in the historic pueblo of Isleta in New Mexico, the King awarded the Order of Leopold to Father Anton Docher.^[1] As a memento, the King was given a turquoise cross mounted in silver made by the Tiwa people.^[2] Ten thousand people traveled to Isleta for the occasion.

Later years

On 17 February 1934, Albert I died in a mountain climbing accident in the Ardennes of Belgium, near Namur. He was succeeded by their elder son, King Leopold III. Elisabeth withdrew from public life, so as not to hinder the efforts of her daughter-in-law, now Queen Astrid. However, in August 1935, Queen Astrid was killed in a car crash in Küssnacht am Rigi, Switzerland. Queen Elisabeth returned to public life, doing her best to support her son and his family, and resuming her position as first lady of the land.^{[citation needed]}

Elisabeth lived to see her son become king (but also go into exile and abdicate), her younger son become, effectively, regent of the realm, and her grandson mount the throne.

As queen dowager, she became a patron of the arts and was known for her friendship with such notable scientists as Albert Einstein.^{[citation needed]}

During the German occupation of Belgium from 1940 to 1944, she used her influence as queen and her German connections to assist in the rescue of hundreds of Jewish children from deportation by the Nazis.^[3] When Brussels was liberated, she allowed her palace to be used for the headquarters of the British XXX Corps, and presented its commander General Horrocks with its mascot, a young wild boar named 'Chewing Gum'.^[4] After the war she was awarded the title Righteous Among the Nations by the Israeli government.

During the 1950s, the Queen evoked controversy abroad by visiting the Soviet Union, China and Poland, trips that prompted some to label her as the "Red Queen".^[5] She became the first royal to pay a royal visit to Israel in 1959.^[6]

Death

Queen Elisabeth died in Brussels at the age of 89 on 23 November 1965 from a heart attack. She is interred in the royal vault at the Church of Our Lady of Laeken, Brussels. She was the 1,016th Dame of the Royal Order of Queen Maria Luisa.

Legacy

The city of Lubumbashi in Congo (Kinshasa) was formerly known as "Élisabethville", and it was named in her honor when it was founded in 1910 in what was then the Belgian Congo. It adopted its current name in 1966 when, after six years of wrangling following independence, Joseph-Désiré Mobutu ordered Belgian place names in Congo changed.

The Queen Elisabeth Competition, a longstanding international competition for career-starting classical musicians regularly held in Brussels, is named after her.^[7]

Belgian Egyptologist Jean Capart created the Fondation Égyptologique Reine Élisabeth in honor of her visit to Tutankhamun's tomb on 18 February 1923.^[8] The association is now called Association Égyptologique Reine Élisabeth.

Children

King Leopold III of Belgium, born 3 November 1901, and died at Woluwe-Saint-Lambert on 25 September 1983.
Prince Charles, Count of Flanders, born Brussels 10 October 1903, and died at Ostend on 1 June 1983.
Marie-José, Queen of Italy, born Ostend 4 August 1906, and died in Thonex, Switzerland, on 27 January 2001.

Honours

National

Bavarian Royal Family: Dame of the Royal Order of Saint Elizabeth, 1st Class
Belgium: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold I

Foreign

Austrian Imperial and Royal Family: Dame Grand Cross of the Imperial Austrian Order of Elisabeth, 1910^[9]
France: Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honour, 14 November 1918^[10]^[11]
Empire of Japan: Dame Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Crown
Luxembourg: Dame of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
Netherlands:
- Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of the Netherlands
- Queen Juliana Inauguration Medal
Poland:
- Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle^[12]
- Cross of Valour Medal, 1922^[13]
Spanish Royal Family: Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 24 June 1910^[14]
United Kingdom: Member of the Decoration of the Royal Red Cross
Holy See: Dame of the Decoration of Honour

Awards

International Red Cross and Red Crescent: Recipient of the Florence Nightingale Medal
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations

Arms

Alliance Coat of Arms of King Albert I
and Queen Elisabeth
Royal Monogram of Queen Elisabeth
of Belgium

Ancestry

Ancestors of Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of the Belgians

8. Duke Pius August in Bavaria

4. Duke Maximilian Joseph in Bavaria

9. Princess Amélie Louise of Arenberg

2. Duke Karl Theodor in Bavaria

10. Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria

5. Princess Ludovika of Bavaria

11. Princess Caroline of Baden

1. Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria

12. John VI of Portugal and Brazil

6. Miguel I of Portugal

13. Infanta Carlota Joaquina of Spain

3. Infanta Maria José of Portugal

14. Constantine, Hereditary Prince of Löwenstein

7. Princess Adelaide of Löwenstein

15. Princess Agnes of Hohenlohe-Langenburg

References

Citations

^ Keleher and Chant. The Padre of Isleta. Sunstone Press, 2009, p. 94. ISBN 978-0-86534-714-4
^ W.A. Keleher. The Indian sentinel.1920, vol.2. p.23-24
^ Élisabeth en Bavière - her activity to save Jews' lives during the Holocaust, at Yad Vashem website
^ p.70, Horrocks, Brian, Belfield, Eversley, Essame, H., Corps Commander, Magnum Books, London, 1977
^ Iron Curtain: From Stage to Cold War. Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-923968-9.
^ "Queen Mother Elizabeth of Belgium Goes to Israel; First Royal Visit". March 23, 1959.
^ "Queen Elisabeth Competition: History:1900". cmireb.be. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
^ "Association Égyptologique Reine Élisabeth". aere-egke.be. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
^ "Elisabeth-orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, Vienna: Druck und Verlag der K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1912, p. 225
^ M. Wattel; B. Wattel (2009). Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers. Paris: Archives & Culture. pp. 21, 424, 611. ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9.
^ "Hommage de la République française à la Cité liégeoise". Liège (in French). Archived from the original on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
^ Kawalerowie i statuty Orderu Orła Białego 1705-2008, 2008, s. 300
^ Dziennik Personalny M.S.Wojsk. Nr 13 z 8.06.1922 r.
^ "Real orden de Damas Nobles de la Reina Maria Luisa". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). 1928. p. 236. Retrieved 9 May 2020.

Bibliography

Dumont, Georges-H. (1988). "Élisabeth, Gabrielle, Marie de Wittelsbach". Nouvelle Biographie Nationale (in French). Vol. 1. pp. 78–89.
von Witzleben, Hermann; von Vignau, Ilka (1976). Die Herzöge in Bayern. Von der Pfalz zum Tegernsee [The dukes in Bavaria. From the Palatinate to Tegernsee] (in German). Munich. ISBN 3-7913-0394-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

External links

Media related to Queen Elisabeth of Belgium at Wikimedia Commons
Newspaper clippings about Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of the Belgians in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
Portraits of Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of the Belgians at the National Portrait Gallery, London

Belgian royalty
Elisabeth in Bavaria House of Wittelsbach Born: 25 July 1876 Died: 23 November 1965
Vacant Title last held by Marie Henriette of Austria	Queen consort of the Belgians 1909–1934	Succeeded by Astrid of Sweden