Eight Great Yakṣa Generals

Sōryū Tamura's "Bishamonten Mandala".
Vaiśravaṇa flanked by the Eight Yakṣa Generals and Nāga Kings.

The Eight Great Yakṣa Generals (Chinese: 八大夜叉大将; pinyin: Bādà Yèchā Dàjiàng), or simply the Eight Yakṣa Generals, are guardian deities in Buddhism. They are retainers of Vaiśravaṇa, guardian of the north and king of the yakṣas.

In East Asia, they are also variously known as the Eight Great Yakṣas (八大藥叉), the Eight Great Heavenly Kings (八大天王), and the Eight Brothers of Vaiśravaṇa (毘沙門八兄弟).[1][2]

Relationship to Vaiśravaṇa

The term yakṣarākṣasa has been used as a general term to denote the many classes of spirits in Indian mythology, combining the words yakṣa and rākṣasa.[3]

According to Buddhist mythology, Vaiśravaṇa is the chief of these beings, and long ago dwelt together with them in the realm of darkness. When Vaiśravaṇa converted to Buddhism, the many demonic spirits under his jurisdiction likewise assumed the role of devotees to the Buddha. Originally malevolent beings, their conversion led to their deification as benevolent guardian deities.

Among the many yakṣas under Vaiśravaṇa's rule, the Eight Great Yakṣa Generals are ranked at the top of the hierarchy. Always at Vaiśravaṇa's command, these deities command 36,000 yakṣas that serve their king and are said to protect those who venerate them. A similar list may be found among the Twenty-Eight Great Yakṣa Generals.[4]

Yakṣa Generals

Their names are given in the Commentary on the Mahāvairocana Abhisaṃbodhi Tantra (大毘盧遮那成佛經疏) as follows:

Sanskrit Hanzi Pinyin Rōmaji Vietnamese Korean Tagalog
Maṇibhadra 寶賢 Bǎoxián Hōken Bảo Hiền 보현 Manibhadla
Pūrṇabhadra 滿賢 Mǎnxián Manken Mãn Hiền 만현 Pulnabhadla
Pañcika 散脂 Sànzhī Sanshi Mật Chủ
Mật Thân		 산지 Pankika
Śatagiri 眾德 Zhòngdé Shūtoku Uy Thần
Chúng Đức		 중덕 Satagili
Haimavata 應念 Yīngniàn Ōnen Chủ Tuyết Sơn Giả
Ứng Niệm		 응념 Haimabata
Viśākhā 大滿 Dàmǎn Daiman Đại Mãn
Trì Pháp		 대만 Bisakha
Āṭavaka 無比力 Wúbǐlì Muhiriki Vô Tỉ Lực
Vô Tỉ Thân		 무비력 Atabaka
Pañcala 密嚴 Mìyán Mitsugon Mật Nghiêm 밀엄 Pankala

See also

References

  1. ^ "八大夜叉". 佛光大辭典 (in Chinese (China)). Retrieved 2019-07-18.
  2. ^ Chaudhuri, Saroj Kumar (2003). Hindu Gods and Goddesses in Japan. Vedams eBooks Ltd. p. 31. ISBN 9788179360095.
  3. ^ Hidas, Gergely (2017). "Mahā-Daṇḍadhāraṇī-Śītavatī: A Buddhist Apotropaic Scripture". Indic Manuscript Cultures through the Ages. De Gruyter. pp. 449–486. JSTOR j.ctvbkjzkh.17.
  4. ^ 武藤一機. "八大夜叉大将". 神魔精霊妖名辞典 (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2019-11-08. Retrieved 2019-07-18.
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