Egypt–Israel peace treaty

Egypt–Israel peace treaty
Peace Treaty Between the State of Israel and the Arab Republic of Egypt
Anwar Sadat, Jimmy Carter, and Menachem Begin shaking hands on the White House grounds
Sadat, Carter and Begin at the signing ceremony
TypePeace treaty
Signed26 March 1979 (1979-03-26)
LocationWashington, D.C., US
EffectiveJanuary 1980
Signatories
DepositarySecretary-General of the United Nations
CitationsUNTS 17813
LanguageEnglish

The Egypt–Israel peace treaty[1] was signed in Washington, D.C., United States, on 26 March 1979, following the 1978 Camp David Accords. The Egypt–Israel treaty was signed by Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt, and Menachem Begin, Prime Minister of Israel, and witnessed by Jimmy Carter, President of the United States.[2]

History

See also: Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula

The peace treaty between Egypt and Israel was signed 16 months after Egyptian president Anwar Sadat's visit to Israel in 1977, after intense negotiations. The main features of the treaty were mutual recognition, cessation of the state of war that had existed since the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, normalization of relations and the withdrawal by Israel of its armed forces and civilians from the Sinai Peninsula, which Israel had captured during the Six-Day War in 1967. Egypt agreed to leave the Sinai Peninsula demilitarized. The agreement provided for free passage of Israeli ships through the Suez Canal, and recognition of the Strait of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba as international waterways, which had been blockaded by Egypt in 1967. The agreement also called for an end to Israeli military rule over the Israeli-occupied territories and the establishment of full autonomy for the Palestinian inhabitants of the territories, terms that were not implemented but which became the basis for the Oslo Accords.

The agreement notably made Egypt the first Arab state to officially recognize Israel,[2] although it has been described as a "cold peace".[3]

Compliance

Menachem Begin, Jimmy Carter and Anwar Sadat at Camp David, 1978.

Normalization

The normalization of relations between Israel and Egypt went into effect in January 1980. Ambassadors were exchanged in February. The boycott laws were repealed by Egypt's parliament the same month, and some trade began to develop, albeit less than Israel had hoped for. In March 1980 regular airline flights were inaugurated. Egypt also began supplying Israel with crude oil.[4]

Demilitarization of Sinai

On 18 May 1981, the President of the United Nations Security Council indicated that the UN would be unable to provide an observation force, due to the threat of a veto of the motion by the Soviet Union. As a result of the impasse, Egypt, Israel and the United States opened negotiations to set up a peacekeeping organization outside the framework of the UN. On 3 August 1981, the Protocol to the Treaty of Peace was signed, establishing the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO).[5] This observation force monitors both parties to ensure compliance with the treaty.

Agreed Activities Mechanism

The peace treaty includes a stipulation, called the Agreed Activities Mechanism, that allows Egypt and Israel to jointly alter the arrangements of Egyptian troops in the Sinai without having to officially review the treaty itself. Israel has allowed Egypt to deploy forces to central and eastern Sinai out of mutual security concerns, such as the presence of jihadi militant groups in these areas. These alterations are coordinated through the MFO.[6]

In January 2011, during widespread protests by Egyptians against their government, Israel agreed to allow Egypt to move several hundred troops into the Sinai Peninsula for the first time since the peace treaty was signed.[7] With Israel's agreement, Egypt moved two battalions, about 800 soldiers, into the Sharm el-Sheikh area on Sinai's southern tip, far from Israel.[7]

In August 2012, Israel agreed that Egypt could deploy additional forces, including attack helicopters, in the northern Sinai to combat militants who had carried out an attack on Egyptian border guards that left 16 dead.[8][9] Later that month, Egypt moved additional heavy weaponry into the demilitarized zone without Israeli approval, in violation of the peace treaty terms.[9][10] Egypt said that the deployment of these troops and weapons was in keeping with agreements reached with Israel in 2011.[10] Israel reportedly asked the United States to mediate this dispute.[10] Shortly thereafter, Egyptian defense minister Abdel Fattah el-Sisi reportedly assured his Israeli counterpart, Ehud Barak, that Egypt was committed to maintaining the 1979 Camp David peace treaty with Israel.[11]

In July 2013, after a number of violent incidents in the Sinai Peninsula, Israel agreed to the deployment of additional Egyptian troops.[12]

Free Navigation of Waterways

During the wars that pitted Egypt against Israel, the Egyptian government closed the Suez Canal on two separate occasions (between 1956 and 1957 and between 1967 and 1975), with severe economic repercussions for local commerce and global trade alike. The Egypt-Israel peace treaty thus also aimed to avoid further crises involving the key waterway in the future. According to the treaty's fifth article, Israeli ships and ships destined to or coming from Israel are entitled to the right of free passage through the Suez Canal and the neighboring areas (the Gulf of Suez and the Mediterranean Sea) on the basis of the Constantinople Convention of 1888. Both Egypt and Israel agreed to recognize the Strait of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba as being international waterways, where any nation may enjoy freedom of navigation and overflight.[13] In order to facilitate this process, international peacekeeping forces were deployed to the Suez Canal by the United Nations. Later, these were replaced by the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO), which remains active to this day.[5]

Aftermath

Reaction in the Arab world

This treaty was received with enormous controversy across the Arab world, where it was condemned and considered a stab in the back. The sense of outrage was particularly strong amongst Palestinians, with the leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization, Yasser Arafat, stating: "Let them sign what they like. False peace will not last".[14] On the other hand, the treaty led both Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin to share the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize for bringing peace between the two states. In order to regain legitimacy in the eyes of the other Muslim-majority countries after the peace treaty with Israel, Egypt appealed to Islamic justifications based on the sacred scriptures of Islam to facilitate its efforts to describe its innovative peace policy, and simultaneously to refute the anti-peace campaign led by Islamist organizations in the Arab world and the Middle East.[15]

However, as a result of the treaty, Egypt was suspended from the Arab League in 1979–1989,[16] and Sadat was assassinated on 6 October 1981 by members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad.[17] Syrian President Hafez al-Assad severed all relations with Egypt after the signing of the peace deal, and diplomatic relations were not re-established until 2005, when Egypt once again enjoyed warm relations with Syria under the rule of Bashar al-Assad.

Long-term effects in Egypt

Main article: Egypt–Israel relations

The peace between Egypt and Israel has lasted since the treaty went into effect, and Egypt has become an important strategic partner of Israel. Binyamin Ben-Eliezer, a former Israeli defense minister known for his close ties to Egyptian officials, has stated that "Egypt is not only our closest friend in the region, the co-operation between us goes beyond the strategic."[3]

As part of the agreement, the U.S. began economic and military aid to Egypt, and political backing for its subsequent governments. From the Camp David peace accords in 1978 until 2000, the United States has subsidized Egypt's armed forces with over $38 billion worth of aid. Egypt receives about $1.3 billion annually.[18]

Nevertheless, the peace is often described as a "cold peace",[3] with many in Egypt skeptical about its effectiveness.[19][20] The Arab-Israeli conflict has kept relations cool.[21]

The Egyptian revolution of 2011 led to fears in Israel about the future of the treaty,[22] although the Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated that he expected any new Egyptian government to keep the peace treaty with Israel, as it has served both countries well.[23] After the Egyptian Army took power on 11 February 2011, it announced that Egypt would continue to abide by all its international and regional treaties.[24] However, Ayman Nour, an influential Egyptian opposition figure and likely presidential candidate called for Cairo's peace treaty with Israel to be "reassessed".[25] On 15 September 2011, the then Egyptian prime minister Essam Sharaf said that "A peace deal with Israel was not sacred".[26] Rashad al-Bayumi, the deputy chief of Egypt's largest party, the Muslim Brotherhood, said that they would not recognize Israel and that the treaty could be put to a referendum, emphasizing that while they respected all of their international agreements, they "had the right to review the peace deal" and that the Egyptian people "have yet to speak their mind". Representatives of the group had told U.S. diplomats that they did not intend to revoke the treaty.[27]

Addressing Israeli concerns on 31 July 2014, Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi pledged to continue the peace with Israel.[28]

See also

References

  1. ^ (Arabic: معاهدة السلام المصرية الإسرائيلية, romanized: Mu`āhadat as-Salām al-Misrīyah al-'Isrā'īlīyah; Hebrew: הסכם השלום בין ישראל למצרים, Heskem HaShalom Bein Yisrael LeMitzrayim)
  2. ^ a b "Israel and Egypt: Framework for peace in the Middle East agreed at Camp David" (PDF). UN Peacemaker. United Nations Treaty Series. 17 September 1978.
  3. ^ a b c Kershner, Isabel (27 January 2011). "Israeli concern for peace partner". The Courier. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  4. ^ Sela, "Arab–Israel Conflict," p. 100
  5. ^ a b 10 Tactical Air Group: Canadian Contingent Multinational Force and Observers Handbook (unclassified), page A-1. DND, Ottawa, 1986.
  6. ^ Ehud Yaari (17 January 2014). "The New Triangle of Egypt, Israel, and Hamas". Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  7. ^ a b "Israel allows Egypt troops in Sinai for first time since 1979 peace treaty". Haaretz. Associated Press.
  8. ^ Keinon, Herb (9 August 2012). "Israel OKs Egypt attack helicopters in Sinai". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  9. ^ a b Issacharoff, Avi (16 August 2012). "Egypt deployed troops in Sinai without Israel's prior approval". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  10. ^ a b c Keinon, Herb (21 August 2012). "Int'l force in Sinai quiet amid concern of violations". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  11. ^ "'Egypt affirms commitment to Israel peace treaty'". The Jerusalem Post. 24 August 2012. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  12. ^ "Israel approves Egypt's request to increase forces in Sinai". Jerusalem Post. 15 July 2013. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  13. ^ "Peace Treaty Between the State of Israel and the Arab Republic of Egypt". UN. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  14. ^ 1979: Israel and Egypt shake hands on peace deal Archived 31 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine BBC News
  15. ^ Winter, Ofir (January 2021). Kedourie, Helen; Kelly, Saul (eds.). "Peace in the name of Allah: Egypt's quest to attain Islamic legitimacy for its treaty with Israel". Middle Eastern Studies. 57 (1). Taylor & Francis: 90–104. doi:10.1080/00263206.2020.1821665. eISSN 1743-7881. ISSN 0026-3206. LCCN 65009869. OCLC 875122033. S2CID 224939409.
  16. ^ "BBC News – Timeline: Arab League". Archived from the original on 7 March 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
  17. ^ "Sadat as a president of Egypt". Egypt News. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012.
  18. ^ "Egypt". State. 22 August 2012. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  19. ^ Kasinof, Laura. "An uneasy Egyptian-Israeli peace". Archived from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
  20. ^ "Egyptians ponder 30-year peace with Israel". BBC News. 26 March 2009. Archived from the original on 9 April 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
  21. ^ Amira Howeidy (2002). "Protocols, politics and Palestine". Al Ahram. Archived from the original on 1 April 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
  22. ^ Black, Ian (31 January 2011). "Egypt protests: Israel fears unrest may threaten peace treaty". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  23. ^ "Netanyahu: Egypt Could Be A New Iran". Fox News. 8 February 2011. Archived from the original on 20 October 2011.
  24. ^ Fahim, Kareem (12 February 2011). "Egypt Sees New Era After Exit of Hosni Mubarak". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 February 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  25. ^ "Egyptian opposition figure: Rethink Camp David Accords". The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
  26. ^ "Egypt PM says peace deal with Israel not sacred". Reuters. 15 September 2011. Archived from the original on 15 September 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  27. ^ Khoury, Jack (1 January 2012). "Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood: Fate of Israel peace treaty may be decided in referendum". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  28. ^ "Al-Sisi: Egypt is committed to peace with Israel". Ynetnews. 7 June 2014. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty.

Read other articles:

Lista över ärkebiskopar i Åbo stift

Detta är en lista över ärkebiskopar i Åbo stift inom den Evangelisk-lutherska kyrkan i Finland.[1][2][3][4] Lista Ärkebiskop ärkebiskop under tiden Jakob Tengström 1817–1832 Erik Gabriel Melartin 1833–1847 Edvard Bergenheim 1850–1884 Torsten Thure Renvall 1884–1898 Gustaf Johansson 1899–1930 Lauri Ingman 1930–1934 Erkki Kaila 1935–1944 Aleksi Lehtonen 1945–1951 Ilmari Salomies 1951–1964 Martti Simojoki 1964–1978 Mikko Juva 1978–1982 John Vikström 1982–1998 Jukk...

 

 

Wakefield, Rhode Island

Village in Rhode Island, United StatesWakefieldVillageBell BlockWakefieldShow map of Rhode IslandWakefieldShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 41°26′14″N 71°30′05″W / 41.43722°N 71.50139°W / 41.43722; -71.50139CountryUnited StatesStateRhode IslandCountyWashingtonElevation7 ft (2 m)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code02880[1]GNIS feature ID1219863[2] Wakefield Baptist Church Wakefield is...

 

 

Rochelle Park, New Jersey

Township in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States Not to be confused with Roselle Park, New Jersey. Township in New JerseyRochelle Park, New JerseyTownshipCornelius Demarest House SealLocation of Rochelle Park in Bergen County highlighted in red (right). Inset map: Location of Bergen County in New Jersey highlighted in red (left).Census Bureau map of Rochelle Park, New JerseyRochelle ParkLocation in Bergen CountyShow map of Bergen County, New JerseyRochelle ParkLocation in New JerseyShow m...

TI-59 / TI-58

Programmable calculator produced by Texas Instruments TI-59A TI-59 showing a magnetic storage card being inserted into the card reader in the side.TypeProgrammableManufacturerTexas InstrumentsIntroducedMay 1977Discontinued1983CostUS$300CalculatorEntry modeInfixPrecision13Display typeLight-emitting diodeDisplay size10 digitsCPUProcessorTMC0501ProgrammingProgramming language(s)key stroke (Turing-complete)Memory register100Program steps960OtherWeight240 gramsDimensions16.3x7.3x3.6 cm TI-58The TI...

 

 

Koei

Koei Création 25 juillet 1978 Disparition 1er avril 2010 Fondateurs Yōichi Erikawa & Keiko Erikawa Forme juridique Co., Ltd. Siège social Yokohama, Préfecture de Kanagawa Japon Actionnaires Koei Tecmo Holdings Activité Industrie vidéoludique Produits Industrie vidéoludique, Figurine articulée Société mère Koei Tecmo Filiales Gamecity Bunko (d) Site web koei.com modifier - modifier le code - voir Wikidata  Koei Co., Ltd. (コーエー, Kōē?), autrefois 光栄 [Kōei] est...

 

 

Test cricket

Longest form of cricket This article is about the format for men's international cricket. For the women's format, see Women's Test cricket. Test CricketA Test match between South Africa and England in January 2007. The two men wearing black trousers are the umpires. Test cricket is played in traditional white clothes and usually with a red ball – a pink ball in full 1 day/night TestsHighest governing bodyICCCharacteristicsTeam membersFull membersMixed-sexNoTypeCricket formatGlossaryBat...

Несторианство

ХристианствоБиблия Ветхий Завет Новый Завет Евангелие Десять заповедей Нагорная проповедь Апокрифы Бог, Троица Бог Отец Иисус Христос Святой Дух История христианства Апостолы Хронология христианства Раннее христианство Гностическое христианство Вселенские соборы Н...

 

 

Julus (millipede)

Genus of millipedes Julus Mating pair of Julus carpathicus Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Myriapoda Class: Diplopoda Order: Julida Family: Julidae Tribe: Julini Genus: JulusLinnaeus, 1758 Species[1] See text Julus (alternately written as Iulus) is a genus of millipedes in the family Julidae, containing the following species: Julus abbreviatus Mikan, 1834 Julus acriculus Karsch, 1881 Julus adensameri Verhoeff, 1897 Julus affi...

 

 

Ludwig IV, Kaisar Romawi Suci

Ludwig IVPotret Ludwig IV (di atas plakat gaya gotik akhir yang terbuat dari marmer merah tahun 1468 oleh Hans Haldner), makam di Frauenkirche MünchenRaja Romawihingga 1330 dengan Friedrich yang TampanBerkuasa20 Oktober 1314 – 11 Oktober 1347Penobatan25 November 1314 (Aachen)PendahuluHeinrich VIIPenerusKarl IVRaja ItaliaBerkuasa31 Mei 1327 – 11 Oktober 1347Penobatan31 Mei 1327 (Milan)PendahuluHeinrich VIIPenerusKarl IVKaisar Romawi SuciBerkuasa1328 – 11 Oktober 1347Penobatan17 Januari ...

土库曼斯坦总统

土库曼斯坦总统土库曼斯坦国徽土库曼斯坦总统旗現任谢尔达尔·别尔德穆哈梅多夫自2022年3月19日官邸阿什哈巴德总统府（Oguzkhan Presidential Palace）機關所在地阿什哈巴德任命者直接选举任期7年，可连选连任首任萨帕尔穆拉特·尼亚佐夫设立1991年10月27日 土库曼斯坦土库曼斯坦政府与政治 国家政府 土库曼斯坦宪法 国旗 国徽 国歌 立法機關（英语：National Council of Turkmenistan） ...

 

 

John Grandisson

14th-century Bishop of Exeter John GrandissonBishop of ExeterSeal of John de Grandisson, with legend S(igillum) Jo(han)nis Dei Gra(tia) Epi(scopus) Exoniensis (seal of John by the grace of God Bishop of Exeter); Inscribed in Latin beneath the seated figure: De Grandisono, with his arms below and disjointed arms of the See of Exeter at dexter and sinister.Appointed10 August 1327Term ended16 July 1369PredecessorJohn GodeleySuccessorThomas BrantinghamOrdersConsecration18 October 1327Personal de...

 

 

Mary-Kate & Ashley Olsen

Beberapa atau seluruh referensi dari artikel ini mungkin tidak dapat dipercaya kebenarannya. Bantulah dengan memberikan referensi yang lebih baik atau dengan memeriksa apakah referensi telah memenuhi syarat sebagai referensi tepercaya. Referensi yang tidak benar dapat dihapus sewaktu-waktu. Mary-Kate & Ashley OlsenAshley Olsen dan Mary-Kate Olsen menghadiri pemutaran perdana The Union di Festival Film Tribeca. 2011LahirMary Kate OlsenAshley Olsen13 Juni 1986 (umur 37) Los Angeles, US...

Wagoner County, Oklahoma

County in Oklahoma, United States County in OklahomaWagoner CountyCountyWagoner County Courthouse in WagonerLocation within the U.S. state of OklahomaOklahoma's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 35°58′N 95°31′W / 35.96°N 95.52°W / 35.96; -95.52Country United StatesState OklahomaFounded1907[1]Named forHenry Bigfoot Wagoner[1]SeatWagonerLargest cityCowetaArea • Total591 sq mi (1,530 km2) • Land56...

 

 

Alaskan Independence Party

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Alaskan Independence Party – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to ...

 

 

Campo profughi ebrei di Santa Maria al Bagno

Il campo profughi ebrei di Santa Maria al Bagno (ufficialmente denominato Campo profughi n.34 Santa Maria al Bagno) fu operante tra il 1944 e il 1947, accogliendo nella cittadine pugliese diverse migliaia di profughi ebrei sopravvissuti all'Olocausto, provenienti da tutta Europa, nel loro viaggio verso Israele o altri paesi di emigrazione. Indice 1 La vicenda 2 I murales di Zivi Miller e il Museo della Memoria e dell'Accoglienza 3 Onorificenze 4 Note 5 Bibliografia 6 Voci correlate 7 Collegam...

Michał Kopczyński

Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori polacchi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Michał KopczyńskiNazionalità Polonia Altezza180 cm Peso65 kg Calcio RuoloCentrocampista Squadra Warta Poznań CarrieraGiovanili 2000-2012 Legia Varsavia Squadre di club1 2012-2014 Legia Varsavia7 (0)2014-2015→ Wigry Suwałki26 (3)2015-2018 Legia Varsavia50 (0)2018-2019→...

 

 

Decebal High School

For the school in Deva, see Decebal National College. Public schoolDecebal High SchoolLiceul Teoretic DecebalLocationConstanța, RomaniaInformationTypePublicMottoDiscendo VincimusEstablished1970FounderNicolae CheciuHeadmasterCornelia ȘerbanWebsitedecebalct.licee.edu.ro Liceul Teoretic Decebal Constanța (English: Decebal High School of Constanța) is a high school in Constanța, Romania. History Decebal High School was established in 1970, as High School No.5 of Constanța, because of the la...

 

 

La Bastide-Pradines

Commune in Occitanie, France Commune in Occitania, FranceLa Bastide-Pradines La Bastida de Pradinas (Occitan)CommuneA general view of La Bastide-PradinesLocation of La Bastide-Pradines La Bastide-PradinesShow map of FranceLa Bastide-PradinesShow map of OccitanieCoordinates: 44°00′09″N 3°02′50″E / 44.0025°N 3.0472°E / 44.0025; 3.0472CountryFranceRegionOccitaniaDepartmentAveyronArrondissementMillauCantonSaint-AffriqueIntercommunalityLarzac et ValléesGo...

Gül Masalı

Gül Masalı atau The Tale of Rose adalah sebuah seri drama romansa televisi Turki tahun 2022 yang disutradarai oleh Sadullah Entürk serta ditulis oleh Aybars Bora dan Dilek Aydoğdu. Seri tersebut disiarkan oleh ATV. Seri tersebut mengambil gambar di Isparta. Seri tersebut menampilkan Erdem Kaynarca sebagai Toprak, Gulper Ozdemir sebagai Gonca, Arif Piskin, Ayşenil Amlıoğlu, Serdem Paçal, Suat Sungur, Sarp Can Köroğlu, Zehra Yılmaz, Tuba Tutu, Gülçin Hatıhan, Sait Genay, Yağmur B...

 

 

Spanish Colombian

Colombians of Spanish descent Ethnic group Spanish ColombianhispanocolombianoTotal populationMost Colombians are of full or partial Spanish origin.[1]Regions with significant populationsThroughout the country but mostly in the Andean Region, Caribbean Region, Orinoquia Region and major cities.LanguagesColombian SpanishReligionCatholicismRelated ethnic groupsSpanish people, Basque Colombians, Mestizo Colombians, Colombian Jews Part of a series on theSpanish peopleRojigualda (historical...