Edward Routh

Edward Routh
FRS
Edward Routh FRS
	Edward John Routh (1831–1907)
Born	Edward John Routh; 20 January 1831; Quebec, Canada
Died	7 June 1907 (aged 76); Cambridge, England
Nationality	English
Alma mater	University College London; Peterhouse, Cambridge
Known for	Routh's rule; Routh–Hurwitz theorem; Routh stability criterion; Routh array; Routhian; Routh's theorem; Routh polynomials; Routh's algorithm; Kirchhoff–Routh function
Awards	Smith's Prize (1854); Adams Prize (1872)
	Scientific career
Fields	Mathematician
Institutions	University of London; Peterhouse, Cambridge
Academic advisors	William Hopkins; Augustus De Morgan; Isaac Todhunter
Notable students	John Strutt (Rayleigh); J. J. Thomson; George Darwin ; Alfred North Whitehead; Joseph Larmor

Edward John Routh FRS (/raʊθ/; 20 January 1831 – 7 June 1907) was an English mathematician, noted as the outstanding coach of students preparing for the Mathematical Tripos examination of the University of Cambridge in its heyday in the middle of the nineteenth century.^[4] He also did much to systematise the mathematical theory of mechanics and created several ideas critical to the development of modern control systems theory.

Biography

Early life

Routh was born of an English father and a French-Canadian mother in Quebec, at that time the British colony of Lower Canada. His father's family could trace its history back to the Norman conquest when it acquired land at Routh near Beverley, Yorkshire. His mother's family, the Taschereau family, was well-established in Quebec, tracing their ancestry back to the early days of the French colony. His parents were Sir Randolph Isham Routh (1782–1858) and his second wife, Marie Louise Taschereau (1810–1891).^[3] Sir Randolph was Commissary General of the British Army 1826, Chairman of the Irish Famine Relief Commission (1845–48) and Deputy Commissary General, the senior Commissariat officer at the Battle of Waterloo, and Marie Louise was the daughter of Judge Jean-Thomas Taschereau and the sister of Judge Jean-Thomas and Cardinal Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau.^[5]

Routh came to England aged eleven and attended University College School and then entered University College, London in 1847, having won a scholarship. There he studied under Augustus De Morgan, whose influence led to Routh to decide on a career in mathematics.^[3]

Routh obtained his BA (1849) and MA (1853) in London.^[3] He attended Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he was taught by Isaac Todhunter and coached by "senior wrangler maker" William Hopkins.^[5] While at Peterhouse, Routh rowed for Peterhouse Boat Club.^[6] In 1854, Routh graduated just above James Clerk Maxwell, as Senior Wrangler, sharing the Smith's prize with him. Routh was elected fellow of Peterhouse in 1856.^[1]

Mathematics tutor

On graduation, Routh took up work as a private mathematics tutor in Cambridge and took on the pupils of William John Steele during the latter's fatal illness, though insisting that Steele take the fees. Routh inherited Steele's pupils, going on to establish an unbeaten record as a coach. He coached over 600 pupils between 1855 and 1888, 28 of them making Senior wrangler, as to Hopkins' 17 with 43 of his pupils winning Smith's Prize.^[1]

Routh worked conscientiously and systematically, taking rigidly timetabled classes of ten pupils during the day and spending the evenings preparing extra material for the ablest men.^[5] "His lectures were enlivened by mathematical jokes of a rather heavy kind."^[5]

Routh was a staunch defender of the Cambridge competitive system and despaired when the university started to publish examination results in alphabetical order, observing "They will want to run the Derby alphabetically next".^[5]

Private life

Astronomer Royal George Biddell Airy sought to entice Routh to work at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. Though Airy did not succeed, at Greenwich Routh met Airy's eldest daughter Hilda (1840–1916) whom he married in 1864. At the time, the university had a celibacy requirement, forcing Routh to vacate his fellowship and move out of Peterhouse.^[7] On the reformation of the college statutes, removing the celibacy requirement, Routh was the first person elected to an honorary fellowship by Peterhouse.^[7] The couple had five sons and a daughter. Routh was a "kindly man and a good conversationalist with friends, but with strangers he was shy and reserved."^[5]

Honours

Fellow of the Royal Society, (1872);^[5]
Adams Prize, (1877).^[5]

Work

Mechanics

Routh collaborated with Henry Brougham on the Analytical View of Sir Isaac Newton's Principia (1855). He published a textbook, Dynamics of a System of Rigid Bodies (1860, 6th ed. 1897) in which he did much to define and systematise the modern mathematical approach to mechanics. This influenced Felix Klein and Arnold Sommerfeld. In fact, Klein arranged the German translation.^[5] It also did much to influence William Thomson and Peter Guthrie Tait's Treatise on Natural Philosophy (1867).^[3]

Routh noted the importance of what he called "absent coordinates," also known as cyclic coordinates or ignorable coordinates (following the terminology of E. T. Whittaker in his Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies). Such coordinates are associated with conserved momenta and as such are useful in problem solving.^[8] Routh also devised a new method for solving problems in mechanics. Although Routh's procedure does not add any new insights, it allows for more systematic and convenient analysis, especially in problems with many degrees of freedom and at least some cyclic coordinates.^[9]^[10]

Stability and control

In addition to his intensive work in teaching and writing, which had a persistent effect on the presentation of mathematical physics, he also contributed original research such as the Routh–Hurwitz theorem.

Central tenets of modern control systems theory relied upon the Routh stability criterion (though nowadays due to modern computers it is not as important), an application of Sturm's theorem to evaluate Cauchy indices through the use of the Euclidean algorithm.

Bibliography

Brougham, Henry; Routh, Edward John (1855). Analytical View of Sir Isaac Newton's Principia. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans.
Routh, E. J. (1877). Treatise on the Stability of a Given State of Motion. MacMillan. Reprinted in 'Stability of Motion' (ed. A.T.Fuller) London 1975 (Taylor & Francis).
— (1898). A Treatise on Dynamics of a Particle. With Numerous Examples. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
— (1905). The Elementary Part of a Treatise on the Dynamics of a System of Rigid Bodies: Being Part I of a Treatise on the Whole Subject. With Numerous Examples.
— (1905). The Advanced Part of a Treatise on the Dynamics of a System of Rigid Bodies: Being Part II of a Treatise on the Whole Subject. With Numerous Examples. London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd.
— (1909a). A Treatise on Analytical Statics with Numerous Examples Volume I. Cambridge University Press.
— (1909b). A Treatise on Analytical Statics with Numerous Examples Volume II. Cambridge University Press.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Routh, Edward John (RT850EJ)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
^ Edward Routh at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Edward Routh", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Routh, Edward John" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 780.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Routh, Edward John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35850. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Mayer, Roland (1978). Peterhouse Boat Club 1828-1978. Peterhouse Boat Club. p. 10. ISBN 0950618101.
^ ^a ^b Warwick, Andrew (13 June 2003). Masters of Theory: Cambridge and the Rise of Mathematical Physics. University of Chicago Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-0226873749.
^ Lanczos, Cornelius (1970). The Variational Principles of Mechanics. Dover Publications. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-486-65067-8.
^ Goldstein, Herbert (1980). "8.3: Routh's Procedure and Oscillations About Steady Motion". Classical Mechanics (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley. p. 356. ISBN 0-201-02918-9.
^ Landau, Lev; Lifshitz, Evgeny (1976). "41: The Routhian". Course of Theoretical Physics Volume 1: Mechanics. Translated by Sykes, J.B.; Bell, J.S. (3rd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 133–4. ISBN 0-7506-2896-0.