Dunkery Beacon at the summit of Dunkery Hill is the highest point on Exmoor and in Somerset, England. It is also the highest point in southern England outside of Dartmoor.
At 519 metres (1,703 ft) ordnance datum (OD), the mean height above sea level,[1][5] Dunkery Beacon is the highest natural point in Somerset,[6] although the tip of the Mendip TV Mast is higher at 589 metres (1,932 ft) OD.[7] Dunkery is ranked 23rd in the UK in terms of dominance and is a Marilyn, meaning that it is a peak with 150 metres (490 ft) or more of relative height. The nearest higher hill is Yes Tor, 37 miles (60 km) away. John Fry, a character in R. D. Blackmore's 1869 novel Lorna Doone, calls it the "haighest place of Hexmoor".[8]
Dunkery Hill was part of the "Royal Forest of Exmoor", established by Henry II according to the late 13th-century Hundred Rolls. There has been some debate about the origin of the name "Dunkery" and its predecessors "Duncrey" and "Dunnecray".[10]Eilert Ekwall suggests that it comes from the Welsh din meaning hillfort and creic or creag meaning rock.[11][12]
There are several Bronze Ageburial mounds at or near the summit.[4][13] Two of the largest are Joaney How and Robin How, which have been damaged over many years, although plans have been made to restore and protect them.[14] "How" comes from the Norse for burial mound.[15] Joaney How on the northern slope, is more than 22 metres (72 ft) in diameter.[16][17] On the southeastern slopes are four more cairns,[18] and there are a further two round cairns 390 metres (1,280 ft) and 420 metres (1,380 ft) southeast of Rex Stile Head.[19] In addition to the cairns are barrows, which also date from the Bronze Age. One bowl barrow on the southeastern spur of the Chains is 12.3 metres (40 ft) in diameter.[20] A circular funerary stone mound 850 metres (2,790 ft) north of Dunkery Bridge, which is a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) walk from the summit, dates from the Neolithic or Bronze Age. It is approximately 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) high and 14 metres (46 ft) in diameter.[21][22]
Sweetworthy, on Dunkery Hill's north-facing slope, is the site of two Iron Agehillforts or enclosures;[23][24] one has a single rampart and external ditch, enclosing 0.25 hectares (0.62 acres).[25] The rampart is still visible, and the ditch on the east side is used as a trackway.[26][27] There was a defended settlement above the main site.[28] It is also the site of a deserted medieval settlement, which has been designated a scheduled monument.[29][30] It has been added to the Heritage at Risk Register because of the vulnerability to plant growth.[31]
In 1918 Sir Thomas Acland granted to the National Trust a 500-year lease of a large part of the Holnicote Estate, including Dunkery Hill.[32] Dunkery Hill was put up for sale in 1928. Labour Party activist and Member of ParliamentMargaret Bondfield asked in the House of Commons if the government was willing to have it designated an ancient monument, to preserve it for future generations. She received the reply that although the government was agreeable to having the hill listed there were no funds available for its purchase;[33] the beacon and surrounding mounds were subsequently designated an ancient monument.[34] The beacon itself, and 960 acres (390 ha) of surrounding land, was donated in 1932 by Colonel W.W. Wiggin. A further 945 acres (382 ha) of nearby land was donated in 1934 by Mrs Hughes in memory of her husband Alan Hughes of Lynch Allerford, Minehead.[32] The donations were commemorated in 1935 with an event when a plaque was attached to the summit memorial cairn. Further parts of the Holnicote Estate, which includes other land donated by the Acland family and others, was given in subsequent years.[35][36][37][38]