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Daugava
Western Dvina
Daugava; Western Dvina
	The drainage basin of the Daugava
Native name	Западная Двина (Russian); Дзвіна (Belarusian); Daugava (Latvian); Vēna (Livonian); Dauguva (Lithuanian); Väina (Estonian); Düna (German); Dźwina (Polish);
Location
Country	Belarus, Latvia, Russia
Cities	Vitebsk; Polotsk; Daugavpils; Riga;
Physical characteristics
Source	Valdai Hills
• location	Penovsky District, Tver Oblast, Russia
• coordinates	56°52′16″N 32°31′44″E / 56.871°N 32.529°E
• elevation	221 m (725 ft)
Mouth	Gulf of Riga
• location	Riga, Latvia
• coordinates	57°3′42″N 24°1′50″E / 57.06167°N 24.03056°E
• elevation	0 m (0 ft)
Length	1,020 km (630 mi)
Basin size	87,900 km2 (33,900 sq mi)
Discharge
• average	678 m3/s (23,900 cu ft/s)

The Daugava (/ˈdaʊɡəvə/ DOW-gə-və),^[a] also known as the Western Dvina^[b] or the Väina River,^[c] is a large river rising in the Valdai Hills of Russia that flows through Belarus and Latvia into the Gulf of Riga of the Baltic Sea. The Daugava rises close to the source of the Volga. It is 1,020 km (630 mi) in length,^[1] of which 352 km (219 mi) are in Latvia^[3] and 325 km (202 mi) in Russia. It is a westward-flowing river, tracing out a great south-bending curve as it passes through northern Belarus.

Latvia's capital, Riga, bridges the river's estuary four times. Built on both riverbanks, the city centre is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the river's mouth and is a significant port.

Etymology

According to Max Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary, the toponym Dvina cannot stem from a Uralic language; instead, it possibly comes from an Indo-European word which used to mean 'river' or 'stream'.^[4] The name Dvina resembles strongly Danuvius which itself derived from the Proto-Indo-European *dānu, meaning 'large river'.

The Finno-Ugric names Vēna (Livonian), Väinajõgi (Estonian), and Väinäjoki (Finnish) all stem from Proto-Finnic *väin, which roughly translates to 'a large, peacefully rolling river'.

Geography

The total catchment area of the river is 87,900 km² (33,900 sq mi), of which 33,150 km² (12,800 sq mi) are in Belarus.^[1]

Tributaries

The following rivers are tributaries to the river Daugava (from source to mouth):

Left: Mezha, Kasplya, Dysna, Laucesa, Berezauka, Eglona, Pikstere, Ņega
Right: Usvyacha, Palata, Drysa, Dubna, Aiviekste, Pērse, Dīvaja, Ogre

History

The Swedish army bombarding the fortress of Dünamünde at the Daugava's estuary in Latvia

Humans have settled at the mouth of the Daugava and along the shores of the Gulf of Riga for millennia, initially participating in a hunter-gatherer economy and utilizing the waters of the Daugava estuary for fishing and gathering. Beginning around the sixth century CE, Viking explorers crossed the Baltic Sea and entered the Daugava River, navigating upriver into the Baltic interior.^[5]

In medieval times, the Daugava was part of the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, an important route for the transport of furs from the north and of Byzantine silver from the south. The Riga area, inhabited by the Finnic-speaking Livs, became a key location of settlement and defence of the mouth of the Daugava at least as early as the Middle Ages, as evidenced by the now destroyed fort at Torņakalns on the west bank of the Daugava in present-day Riga.

From the end of the Livonian War great part of the Daugava formed the northeastern border of Duchy of Courland and Semigallia saparating it initially from the Kingdom of Livonia, later Swedish Livonia and Riga Governorate. After the incorporation later in the Russian Empire the river formed a border between governorates of Courland on the western bank and Livonia and Vitebsk on the eastern bank.

From 1936 to 1939 Ķegums Hydroelectric Power Station was built on the Daugava river in Latvia. Pļaviņas Hydroelectric Power Station was put into operation in 1968 and Riga Hydroelectric Power Plant in 1974.

Settlements

The following are some of the cities and towns built along the Daugava:

Russia

Belarus

Latvia

Environment

The river began experiencing environmental deterioration in the Soviet era due to collective agriculture (producing considerable adverse water pollution runoff) and hydroelectric power projects.^[6] This is the river that the Vula river flows into.

Water quality

Upstream of the Latvian town of Jekabpils, the river's pH has a characteristic value of about 7.8 (slight alkaline). In this area, the concentration of ionic calcium is around 43 milligrams per liter, nitrate is about 0.82 milligrams per liter, ionic phosphate is 0.038 milligrams per liter, and oxygen saturation is 80%. The high nitrate and phosphate load of the Daugava has contributed to the extensive buildup of phytoplankton biomass in the Baltic Sea; the Oder and Vistula rivers also contribute to the high nutrient loading of the Baltic.^{[citation needed]}

In Belarus, water pollution of the Daugava is considered moderately severe, with the chief sources being treated wastewater, fish-farming, and agricultural chemical runoff (such as herbicides, pesticides, nitrates, and phosphates).^[7]^[8]

Notes

^ Latvian: Daugava [ˈdˠaʊɡɐvˠɐ]; Latgalian: Daugova; Polish: Dźwina [dʑviˈna]; German: Düna [ˈdyːna] (from Latin Duna)[2]
^ Russian: Западная Двина, romanized: Západnaya Dviná; Belarusian: Заходняя Дзвіна, romanized: Zachodniaja Dźvina
^ Estonian: Väina jõgi; Finnish: Väinäjoki

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Main Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Belarus. Main characteristics of the largest rivers of Belarus". Land of Ancestors. Data of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus. 2011. Archived from the original on Jan 15, 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
^ Johann Georg Theodor Grässe, Orbis Latinus, Braunschweig, 1972, vol. I, p. 674.
^ "Gruberts D. "Daugava". Nacionālā enciklopēdija". Nacionālā enciklopēdija. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
^ Фасмер, Макс. Этимологический словарь Фасмера (in Russian). p. 161.
^ Compare: Frucht, Richard C. (2005-01-01). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576078006. Retrieved 2017-07-06. The Daugava was an important transit river (carrying everything from Vikings to floating lumber) for centuries [...].
^ C.Michael Hogan (2012). "Daugava River". Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment.
^ Towards water security in Belarus: a synthesis report. OECD Studies on Water. 2020. pp. 19–20. doi:10.1787/488183c4-en. ISBN 9789264583962. Retrieved 27 June 2021. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
^ "Water Report 15". fao.org. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 27 June 2021.