Cyclone Pam

This article is about the 2015 South Pacific tropical cyclone. For the 1997 storm of the same name, see Cyclone Pam (1997). For the mock hurricane exercise in New Orleans, see Hurricane Pam.
Not to be confused with Cyclone Lam.

Severe Tropical Cyclone Pam
Pam nearing peak intensity over Vanuatu, on 13 March
Meteorological history
Formed6 March 2015 (6 March 2015)
Extratropical15 March 2015
Dissipated20 March 2015 (20 March 2015)
Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
10-minute sustained (FMS)
Highest winds250 km/h (155 mph)
Lowest pressure896 hPa (mbar); 26.46 inHg
(Third-lowest in South Pacific basin, Fourth-lowest in Southern Hemisphere)
Category 5-equivalent tropical cyclone
1-minute sustained (SSHWS)
Highest winds280 km/h (175 mph)
Lowest pressure911 hPa (mbar); 26.90 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities15–16 total
Damage$692 million
(Costliest in Vanuatu history)[1]
Areas affectedFiji, Kiribati, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, New Zealand
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 2014–15 South Pacific cyclone season

Severe Tropical Cyclone Pam was the second most intense tropical cyclone of the South Pacific Ocean in terms of sustained winds and is regarded as one of the worst natural disasters in the history of Vanuatu.[2] A total of 15–16 people died either directly or indirectly as a result of Pam with many others injured. The storm's impacts were also felt, albeit to a lesser extent, on other islands in the South Pacific, most notably the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, and New Zealand. Pam is the third most intense storm of the South Pacific Ocean according to pressure, after Winston of 2016 and Zoe of 2002. It is also the second most intense tropical cyclone in 2015, only behind Hurricane Patricia. In addition, Pam is tied with Orson, Monica, Marcus and Fantala for having the second strongest ten-minute maximum sustained winds in the Southern Hemisphere. Thousands of homes, schools and buildings were damaged or destroyed, with an estimated 3,300 people displaced as a result.

Pam formed on 6 March, east of the Solomon Islands and tracked slowly in a generally southward direction, slowly intensifying as it did so. Two days later, the disturbance reached tropical cyclone intensity and, over subsequent days, Pam gradually strengthened before reaching Category 5 cyclone status on both the Australian and Saffir–Simpson scales on 12 March. The next day, Pam's sustained winds peaked at 250 km/h (155 mph) as the storm moved through Vanuatu, passing near several constituent islands and making direct hits on others. On 14 March, Pam's winds began to slowly weaken, but its pressure dropped further to a minimum of 896 mbar (hPa; 26.46 inHg) before rising shortly afterwards. Over the next few days, the cyclone's weakening accelerated as it moved poleward. On 15 March, Pam passed northeast of New Zealand before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone that same day.

Early in Pam's history, a damaging storm surge impacted Tuvalu, prompting a state of emergency declaration after 45 percent of the nation's residents were displaced. Torrential rainfall occurred in the southeastern Solomon Islands, particularly in the Santa Cruz Islands. In Vanuatu, all emergency centres were activated and relief personnel were put on standby with Pam assessed as having the potential to be one of the nation's worst tropical cyclones. Catastrophic damage occurred as the storm moved through the archipelago, particularly in Efate, the location of the Ni-Vanuatu capital of Port Vila; and the Tafea islands of Erromango and Tanna. The cyclone crippled Vanuatu's infrastructure: an estimated 90 percent of the nation's buildings were impacted by the storm's effects, telecommunications were paralysed, and water shortages continue to plague the small nation. Pam later brought heavy winds and rough surf to New Zealand's North Island during its weakening stages.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

During the opening days of March 2015, a major westerly wind burst occurred, which subsequently contributed to the development of the 2014–16 El Niño event and the development of two tropical cyclones near Kiribati on either side of the equator.[3] The first tropical cyclone became Tropical Storm Bavi and impacted the Marshall Islands, the Mariana Islands and Philippines. The second system was first noted as Tropical Disturbance 11F by the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) on 6 March, while it was located about 750 kilometres (465 mi) to the north-east of Honiara in the Solomon Islands.[4] The system was located underneath an upper-level ridge of high pressure and within an area favourable for further development with low-moderate vertical windshear.[4][5] As a result, weather forecast models anticipated the development of a significant tropical cyclone over the coming days.[5] Initially, the disturbance floundered east of the Solomon Islands and slowly strengthened,[6] reaching tropical depression intensity on 8 March. The storm's appearance and areal coverage of showers remained stationary until the following day,[7] when the formation of rainbands wrapping around the centre of the system prompted the FMS to upgrade the storm's classification to a category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone scale, assigning it the name Pam.[8] Atmospheric conditions at the time were slightly favourable for continued development as the storm continued to slowly track along the southern periphery of a high-pressure area to its north.[9]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Pam strengthening off the island of Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu on 11 March

Following the storm's name, Pam began to curve southwards around midday on 9 March. Computer models continued to point towards the possibility of rapid intensification occurring as the cyclone approached Vanuatu.[10] Significant development in Pam's organisation took place throughout the remainder of the day into 10 March.[11] The cyclone's circulation centre quickly tightened, with the central dense overcast atop it persisting in strength.[12] At 18:00 UTC on 10 March, the FMS upgraded the system to category 3 strength, making it a severe tropical cyclone.[13] Shortly after, microwave imagery revealed a primordial eye-feature developing within Pam.[14] This became apparent on visible light images on 11 March.[15] That day, Pam became quasi-stationary east of the Santa Cruz Islands before resuming its prior southwesterly motion towards the end of 11 March.[16][17] The storm's eye continued to warm as its cloud tops cooled such that at 12:00 UTC, the FMS assessed Pam to have reached Category 5 intensity on the Australian cyclone scale.[18] Six hours later, the JTWC estimated that the storm reached Category 5-equivalent intensity on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale as Pam was east of Penama.[19]

Early on 13 March, the JTWC determined Pam reached its peak one-minute sustained winds of 270 km/h (170 mph) as it neared Vanuatu;[20] this was increased to 280 km/h (175 mph) in post-season reanalysis. Several hours later, the cyclone began to curve towards the south-southeast, allowing Pam to pass just east of Efate.[21] At that time, the FMS estimated Pam as having record-breaking 250 km/h (155 mph) ten-minute sustained winds.[22] The storm's winds gradually slowed afterwards as Pam tracked west of Tafea. However, the FMS indicated that the cyclone's pressure dropped further to a minimum of 896 mbar (hPa; 26.46 inHg) on 14 March,[23] making Pam the second most intense tropical cyclone in the South Pacific basin after Cyclone Zoe in 2002.[24] This intensity was short-lived, however, as Pam's central pressure began rising shortly thereafter as the storm accelerated southeastward.[25] After 12:00 UTC that day, Pam left the area of responsibility of the FMS and entered the monitoring region of New Zealand's MetService, who estimated that Pam weakened to Category 4 intensity on 15 March after maintaining Category 5 intensity for 36 hours.[26] Shortly after, the storm's eye faded away and Pam's low level circulation became displaced from its associated thunderstorms, signalling a rapid weakening phase.[27] Later on 15 March, both agencies discontinued issuing advisories as Pam entered a phase of extratropical transition while affecting northeastern New Zealand. The system moved eastwards, and eventually dissipated over the waters of the South Pacific on 20 March.

Effects

Severe Tropical Cyclone Pam was responsible for 24 deaths as it impacted various parts of the Pacific Ocean, before the name was retired from the South Pacific lists of tropical cyclone names. The system also influenced the Pacific trade winds and with Tropical Storm Bavi, caused one of the strongest trade wind reversals that had been observed on record.[28]

Kiribati

Bavi and Pam caused severe weather including swells, heavy rain and strong winds to be reported within Kiribati between 8–11 March.

Vanuatu

After all the development we have done for the last couple of years and this big cyclone came and just destroyed... all the infrastructure the government has... built. Completely destroyed.

— Vanuatu President Baldwin Lonsdale, [29]
Pam hitting Vanuatu on 13 March 2015

By 12 March, the National Disaster Management Office in Vanuatu activated all emergency operation centres in the country. Officials reported difficulty in contacting outlying islands where there was poor infrastructure. In those areas, they advised residents to identify nearby shelters in case evacuation was necessary. Across the country, residents spent the day on 12 March stocking up on supplies for the storm. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies stated volunteers were on standby for assessments in Fiji, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu once the storm passed. Supplies of water and water purification systems were pre-positioned for the countries.[30] Acting director of the Vanuatu National Disaster Management Office, Peter Korisa, warned that should Pam strike the capital of Port Vila it could be worse than Cyclone Uma in 1987 which killed 50 people and caused US$150 million in damage.[31]

The death toll from Cyclone Pam is uncertain, with totals from the Vanuatu Government and United Nations differing. According to Vanuatu, 11 people died as a direct result of Pam. Four others died at Vila Central Hospital shortly after the storm's passage, though these are considered indirectly related.[32] According to the United Nations, a total of 16 people were killed.[33] In the immediate aftermath, media outlets indicated unconfirmed reports of 44 casualties in the many villages destroyed by the storm;[34][35][36] however, these claims were never substantiated.[33]

Enlarged track of Cyclone Pam between 12 and 14 March depicting its path in relation to the islands of Vanuatu

According to UNICEF, at least 132,000 people have been impacted by Tropical Cyclone Pam, of whom 54,000 are children.[37] Communication across the country was crippled, with only one cellular tower in Port Vila remaining operational. The power grid was devastated as well and officials estimated repairs could take weeks.[38] Four days after the storm, nearly 60 of the nation's inhabited islands remained cut-off from the outside world.[39] UNICEF has estimated that up to 90 percent of the buildings in Vanuatu have been affected by Tropical Cyclone Pam. Hospitals, schools and water supply are either compromised or destroyed.[37] Journalist Michael McLennan in Port Vila likened the effects of Pam to a bomb: "It's like a bomb has gone through...It's really quite apocalyptic." Sune Gudnitz, head of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), stated that Pam was indeed a worst-case scenario for Vanuatu.[40]

Deaths by island in Vanuatu
Island Fatalities Ref.
Efate 7 [32]
Lelepa 1 [32]
Mataso 2 [41]
Tanna 5 [32]
Unknown 0–1 [32][33]
Total 15–16 [32][33]
Fatalities include indirect deaths also

Catastrophic damage occurred on the islands of Erromango and Tanna. Communication with the islands was completely severed during the storm, and first contact with residents did not take place until two days after Pam's passage. A pilot who flew to the islands reported that all infrastructure had been crippled, with every structure severely damaged or destroyed. Concrete buildings held up during the storm, but lost their roofs. Locals reported two fatalities on Tanna, though this was unconfirmed by officials. Additionally, there was no drinkable water left on the island.[42] Approximately 95 percent of the homes on Tongoa were reportedly destroyed.[39] Total damage in Vanuatu reached VT63.2 billion (US$600 million).[43]

North of Efate, the small island of Mataso was largely destroyed with only two homes left standing after the storm. Residents sought refuge in caves to ride out the storm; two people died there.[41]

The Tukoro, Vanuata's most significant patrol vessel, was washed ashore on Moso Island.[44] Repairs took 16 months.

According to UNESCO, a total of $268.4 million is needed for total recovery and rehabilitation of the nation.[45]

Tuvalu

Prior to the formation of Cyclone Pam, flooding from king tides, which peaked at 3.4 m (11 ft) on 19 February 2015, caused considerable road damage across the multi-island nation of Tuvalu.[46][47] Between 10 and 11 March, waves, estimated to be 3–5 m (9.8–16.4 ft), associated with the cyclone swept across the low-lying islands of Tuvalu. The atolls of Nanumea, Nanumanga, Niutao, Nui, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae, and Vaitupu were most affected.[48][49] Significant damage to agriculture and infrastructure occurred.[50] The outermost islands were hardest hit, with one flooded in its entirety.[51] A state of emergency was subsequently declared on 14 March.[50][52] Water supplies on Nui were contaminated by seawater and rendered undrinkable.[48] An estimated 45 percent of the nation's nearly 10,000 people were displaced, according to Prime Minister Enele Sopoaga.[53] Damage across the nation amounted to US$92 million.[54]

Solomon Islands

Early in the Cyclone Pam's development, it produced torrential rains and gale-force winds over the Solomon Provinces of Malaita, Makira-Ulawa, and Temotu.[31] Trees and crops were flattened, and residents sheltered in schools and in caves after their homes were destroyed.[55] Rainfall was particularly intense over the Santa Cruz Islands, where a 24‑hour total of 495 mm (19.5 in) was observed.[56] Continuous heavy rain prompted the evacuation of 500 students in West Guadalcanal.[57]

The storm later struck the remote islands of Anuta and Tikopia on 12 March, causing extensive damage.[58] Approximately 1,500 homes were damaged or destroyed in the region and 5,000 people were directly.[59] Powerful winds toppled numerous trees. Several injuries were reported, though exact numbers are unknown. Tikopia's lost roughly 90 percent of its food crop and fruit trees; water sources were also contaminated. Contact with Anuta was lost as all its phone lines failed;[58] the island remained isolated for at least a week after Pam's passage.[60]

Fiji

Although not in the direct path of Pam, officials in Fiji warned residents in low-lying areas of potential flooding from the system's outer rain bands.[61] On 11 March, the Northern Division activated its Emergency Operations Centre and directed precautionary measures to be undertaken, with the expectation that flash flooding and coastal flooding from high tides were set to occur.[62] Emergency shelters for possible evacuations were identified by 12 March.[63] Fears concerning the Fijian infrastructure's susceptibility to winds and flooding were raised by the Disaster Management Office.[64] Later that day, cruise operators announced that trips to the Yasawa Islands would be cancelled due to the storm.[65] Anticipating dangerous conditions from the cyclone, the fifth leg of the Volvo Ocean Race was postponed until at least 01:00 UTC on 16 March.[66] Other residents were warned not to venture out to sea as Pam passed nearby.[67]

New Caledonia

Severe Tropical Cyclone Pam transitioning into an extratropical cyclone to the northeast of New Zealand on 15 March

A pre-cyclone alert was raised in New Caledonia as a precaution.[31] On 13 March 2015 at noon local time, this was raised to the first level of cyclone alert for the Loyalty Islands and for the Isle of Pines.[68] The second and highest level of cyclone alert was raised at 03:00 local time on 14 March 2015 for the islands of Maré and Lifou,[69] and the alert ended at 17:00 and 20:00 local time on the same day. All alert levels were then lifted on Sunday, 15 March at 08:00 local time.

On the whole, material damages were relatively light, with a few fallen trees, a few roofs blown out, and only 26 people in need of emergency housing (18 on Maré and 8 on Lifou). At the height of the storm, a maximum of 6000 inhabitants suffered power outages, but power was then restored fairly quickly to the vast majority. As perceived by the population of the Loyalty Islands, the worst damage was in fact the loss of the yams harvest, which will affect numerous communities of both Maré and Lifou, both as a means of subsistence for the coming season and as a cultural apparatus for ceremonies like weddings.[70]

New Zealand

Civil Defense officials in New Zealand issued severe weather warnings, that the remnants of Cyclone Pam could bring unprecedented damage to much of the northeastern coastal areas of the North Island. Swells of 6–8 m (20–26 ft) were forecast with potential for damage exceeding that of Cyclone Bola – which struck New Zealand's North Island in 1988.[71]

On 15 March gale-force winds began affecting northern parts of the North Island and continued into the following day,[72] with gusts peaking at 148 km/h (92 mph) in Kaeo and 144 km/h (89 mph) in Hicks Bay.[73] Some voluntary evacuations took place in the Gisborne region.[72] Power outages took place in the Whangarei District.[74] Heavy rains accompanied the system as well, with over 200 mm (7.9 in) falling in areas between Hicks Bay and Gisborne.[75] Along the coast, waves reached 4.5 m (15 ft) in Tutukaka and 5–6 m (16–20 ft) near Tolaga Bay.[74][76] The cyclone also brought cooler temperatures throughout most of the North Island and northern South Island.[75]

The storm later brought winds up to 140 km/h (87 mph) to the Chatham Islands (pop: 650), prompting the declaration of a civil defence emergency. Downed trees cut power to portions of the islands, though no major damage was reported. Twelve people sought refuge in a public shelter.[77] A wharf on the north side of the islands was damaged by rough seas.[78]

Aftermath

An RAAF Lockheed P-3 Orion was dispatched to the eastern Solomon Islands for aerial damage surveys.[79]

Vanuatu

Yachts wrecked by the storm in a harbour near Port Vila, Vanuatu

Before the disaster, many developed countries pledged funds to assist smaller, developing nations with disaster preparation and relief efforts.[80] Jim Yong Kim, president of the World Bank, has called for insurance schemes to help the Vanuatu government respond to natural disasters.[81] United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon highlighted that climate change leads to increased risks of natural disasters.[82]

While attending the World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Sendai, Japan, Vanuatu President Baldwin Lonsdale requested international assistance for his people.[83] Immediately following the cyclone's impact in Vanuatu, governments across the world began providing aid relief funds. Sufficient repairs of Bauerfield International Airport were completed by 14 March to allow the first flights from Australia carrying aid to arrive. Initial monetary assistance included $3.8 million from Australia, $2.9 million from the United Kingdom, $1.8 million from New Zealand, and $1.05 million from the European Union, $250,000 from India and promised to extend any further assistance required.[84] The French overseas territories of New Caledonia and French Polynesia have granted €300,000 (US$318,000) of immediate emergency aid.[85][86]

Port Vila seafront on 14 March
Remaining debris in Vanuatu three years after Cyclone Pam. Photo captured in 2018.

Australia, France, and New Zealand enacted a coordinated response within the framework of the FRANZ agreement, in which France would carry out damage assessments while Australia and New Zealand would provide humanitarian aid. In accordance with this, France ordered the frigate Vendémiaire to sail from Nouméa, New Caledonia, to conduct surveys along with aircraft from the island territory.[84] On 15 March, Australia confirmed that supplies for up to 5,000 people would be sent via two Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Boeing C-17 Globemaster III aircraft. A Lockheed C-130 Hercules was also deployed with emergency evaluation personnel and Department of Foreign Affairs officials to determine specifics on aid required.[79] On 15 March a CASA-235 transport plane was dispatched from the New Caledonian Armed Forces airbase carrying engineers to repair the water supply, a Red Cross technician and spare parts to enable the reopening of the airport to scheduled flights.[87] A second CASA-235 was dispatched from French Polynesia carrying tools for rebuilding, satelitte communications, tents and logistics supplies for 10 days.[88]

More than four days after the storm, much of the affected population had yet to be reached. A lack of airstrips and deepwater ports hampered the speed of relief operations.[39] Save the Children's Vanuatu director, Tom Skirrow, stated that the logistical challenges presented with Cyclone Pam greatly exceeded that of Typhoon Haiyan which left over 7,350 dead or missing in the Philippines during November 2013.[29] Residents on Moso Island, located just north of Efate, were forced to drink saltwater. Survivors stated that no aid had reached them as of 17 March, and most were forced to scavenge for food.[39] It was not until 27 March, two weeks after Pam struck, that aid finally reached all of the affected islands.[89]

On 24 March, IsraAid reached Tongoa in the Shepherds Islands group by boat,[90] and distributed over 40 tons of rice, flour and water to twelve villages and eight schools on two islands levelled by the cyclone.[91]

The Adventist Development and Relief Agency responded by distributing shelter kits, water filtration kits and food packages, as well as setting up 10 evacuation centres in Port Vila.[92] In total, ADRA assisted more than 10,000 people in 2586 households across three islands.

Tuvalu

New Zealand started providing aid to Tuvalu on 14 March.[84][93] Owing to the severity of damage in the nation, the local chapter of the Red Cross enacted an emergency operation plan on 16 March which would focus on the needs of 3,000 people. The focus on the 81,873 CHF operation was to provide essential non-food items and shelter.[48] Flights carrying these supplies from Fiji began on 17 March.[49] Prime Minister Sopoaga stated that Tuvalu appeared capable of handling the disaster on its own and urged that international relief be focused on Vanuatu.[49][51] Tuvalu's Disaster Coordinator, Suneo Silu, said the priority island is Nui as sources of fresh water were contaminated.[49] On 17 March, the Taiwanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced a donation of US$61,000 in aid to Tuvalu.[94] UNICEF and Australia have committed to deliver aid to Tuvalu.[95][96]

As of 22 March 71 families (40 percent of the population) of Nui remain displaced and were living in 3 evacuation centres or with other families and on Nukufetau, 76 people (13 percent of the population) remain displaced and were living in 2 evacuation centres.[97]

The Situation Report published on 30 March reported that on Nukufetau all the displaced people have returned to their homes.[98] Nui suffered the most damage of the three central islands (Nui, Nukufetau and Vaitupu); with both Nui and Nukufetau suffering the loss of 90% of the crops.[98] Of the three northern islands (Nanumanga, Niutao, Nanumea), Nanumanga suffered the most damage, with 60–100 houses flooded and damage to the health facility. The number of influenza cases that had been reported in Nanumanga had stabilised.[98]

See also

References

  1. ^ First Category 5 Tropical Cyclone of 2020, Harold, Pounds Vanuatu, Scientific American, April 6, 2020
  2. ^ Joshua Robertson (15 March 2015). "Cyclone Pam: Vanuatu awaits first wave of relief and news from worst-hit islands". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  3. ^ "Current Conditions" (PDF). Pacific ENSO Update. 21 (2). United States Pacific El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Applications Climate Center. 29 May 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  4. ^ a b RSMC Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 6, 2015). "Tropical Disturbance Summary March 6, 2015 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  5. ^ a b Joint Typhoon Warning Center (March 6, 2015). "Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and Southern Pacific Oceans 062100". United States Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  6. ^ RSMC Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 7, 2015). "Tropical Disturbance Summary For area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W". Nadi, Fiji: Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  7. ^ RSMC Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 8, 2015). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A7". Nadi, Fiji: Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  8. ^ RSMC Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 9, 2015). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9". Nadi, Fiji: Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  9. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (March 9, 2015). "Tropical Cyclone 17P (Pam) Warning NR 001". Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: United States Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  10. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (March 9, 2015). "Tropical Cyclone 17P (Pam) Warning NR 002". Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: United States Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  11. ^ RSMC Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 10, 2015). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A13". Nadi, Fiji: Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  12. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (March 10, 2015). "Tropical Cyclone 17P (Pam) Warning NR 003". Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: United States Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  13. ^ RSMC Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 10, 2015). "Hurricane Warning 020". Nadi, Fiji: Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  14. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (March 10, 2015). "Tropical Cyclone 17P (Pam) Warning NR 005". Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: United States Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  15. ^ RSMC Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 11, 2015). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A16". Nadi, Fiji: Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  16. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (March 11, 2015). "Tropical Cyclone 17P (Pam) Warning NR 007". Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: United States Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  17. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (March 11, 2015). "Tropical Cyclone 17P (Pam) Warning NR 009". Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: United States Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  18. ^ RSMC Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 12, 2015). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A22". Nadi, Fiji: Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  19. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (March 12, 2015). "Tropical Cyclone 17P (Pam) Warning NR 013". Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: United States Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  20. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (March 13, 2015). "Tropical Cyclone 17P (Pam) Warning NR 015". Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: United States Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  21. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (March 13, 2015). "Tropical Cyclone 17P (Pam) Warning NR 016". Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: United States Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  22. ^ RSMC Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 13, 2015). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A25". Nadi, Fiji: Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  23. ^ RSMC Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 14, 2015). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A27". Nadi, Fiji: Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  24. ^ RSMC Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (28 December 2002). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11". Nadi, Fiji: Fiji Meteorological Service. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  25. ^ RSMC Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 14, 2015). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A28". Nadi, Fiji: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  26. ^ Wellington Tropical Cyclone Warning Center (March 14, 2015). "Hurricane Warning 243". Wellington, New Zealand: Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  27. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (March 15, 2015). "Tropical Cyclone 17P (Pam) Warning NR 021". Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: United States Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  28. ^ ENSO Wrap-Up: Tropical cyclone activity may lead to further ocean warming (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  29. ^ a b Claudine Wery (17 March 2015). "Vanuatu president begs world to help rebuild, blames climate change, after Cyclone Pam". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  30. ^ "Cyclone Pam: Vanuatu activates emergency plans as category five system predicted". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  31. ^ a b c "Vanuatu prepares for worst as Cyclone Pam approaches". Radio New Zealand. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  32. ^ a b c d e f "Vanuatu govt still say Cyclone Pam death toll at 11". Radio New Zealand International. 22 March 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  33. ^ a b c d "Tropical Cyclone Pam: Vanuatu death toll rises to 16 as relief effort continues". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 21 March 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  34. ^ "Cyclone 'devastates' South Pacific islands of Vanuatu". BBC News. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  35. ^ Johnston, Chris (14 March 2015). "Dozens feared dead in Vanuatu after cyclone Pam leaves trail of destruction". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  36. ^ "Cyclone Pam: Dozens feared dead in Vanuatu in 'one of worst storms in Pacific history'". The Telegraph. 14 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  37. ^ a b "Vanuatu – Cyclone Pam Emergency Appeal". Unicef NZ. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  38. ^ "Emergency – Cyclone Pam, Vanuatu". World Food Programme. ReliefWeb. 14 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  39. ^ a b c d "Cyclone Pam: Vanuatu islanders forced to drink saltwater". British Broadcasting Company. 17 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  40. ^ Steve Almasy and Jethro Mullen (15 March 2015). "Aid workers scramble to help Cyclone Pam victims in Vanuatu". CNN. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  41. ^ a b "63 Mataso locals evacuated to Efate". Vanuatu Daily Post. ReliefWeb. The Pacific Islands News Association. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  42. ^ Joshua Robertson (15 March 2015). "Cyclone Pam: more deaths and water shortages to follow storm". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  43. ^ "Supporting cyclone recovery and reconstruction in Vanuatu". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 11 December 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  44. ^ Dave Morley (3 December 2015). "PPB on mend after cyclone" (PDF). Navy News. Vol. 58, no. 23. p. 9. Retrieved 12 August 2018. According to LCDR Lewis, the Tukoro was left sitting dead flat on the beach and suffered damage to the propeller shafts and rudders and some damage to the hull itself, although it wasn't holed.
  45. ^ "UNESCO supports recovery of Vanuatu's culture sector following Tropical Cyclone Pam". Prevention Web. 15 May 2015. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  46. ^ "Peak tide affects Tuvaluan communities living in coastal and low-lying areas". Island Business (FENUI NEWS/PACNEWS). 24 February 2015. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  47. ^ "Tuvalu surveys road damage after king tides". Radio New Zealand. 24 February 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  48. ^ a b c Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) Tuvalu: Tropical Cyclone Pam (PDF). International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (Report). ReliefWeb. 16 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  49. ^ a b c d "One Tuvalu island evacuated after flooding from Pam". Radio New Zealand International. 18 March 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  50. ^ a b "State of emergency in Tuvalu". Radio New Zealand International. 14 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  51. ^ a b "Emergency supplies being mobilised for Tuvalu". The Fiji Times. Radio New Zealand. 16 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  52. ^ "Press Release issued by the Office of the Prime Minister" (PDF). Fenui News. 13 March 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
  53. ^ "45 percent of Tuvalu population displaced – PM". Radio New Zealand International. 15 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  54. ^ "Tuvalu hit with US$90m cyclone damage bill". Radio New Zealand. 25 June 2015.
  55. ^ "Cyclone damage in Solomon Islands". ReliefWeb. Radio New Zealand International. 13 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  56. ^ Richard Angwin (11 March 2015). "Tropical Cyclone Pam batters South Pacific islands". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  57. ^ "Storm forces mass evacuation of Solomons school". Radio New Zealand. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  58. ^ a b "Cyclone damage in Solomon Islands". Radio New Zealand International. 13 March 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  59. ^ "World Vision to provide relief to Temotu". Solomon Star. 25 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  60. ^ "Aid to Solomons Tikopia and Anuta". Radio New Zealand International. 20 March 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  61. ^ Felix Chaudhary (11 March 2015). "Cawaki warns of flooding". Fiji Times. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  62. ^ Government of Fiji (11 March 2015). "Northern Division activates Emergency Operations Centre". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  63. ^ Serafina Silaitoga (12 March 2015). "On full alert". Fiji Times. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  64. ^ Australian Broadcasting Corporation (10 March 2015). "Cyclone Pam moves through Pacific Ocean with potential of turning into category five system". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  65. ^ Felix Chaudhary (12 March 2015). "Severe Tropical Cyclone Pam: Cruise operators cancel Yasawa trips". Fiji Times. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  66. ^ "Volvo Ocean Race postpones start due to Tropical Cyclone Pam". Scuttlebutt Sailing News. 11 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  67. ^ Australian Broadcasting Corporation (11 March 2015). "Cyclone Pam: Pacific nations on alert as storm intensifies to category three system". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  68. ^ "Communiqué de presse_DSCGR_du 13 mars 2015_alerte cyclonique n°1 (PAM) | Direction de la Sécurité Civile et de la Gestion des Risques" (in French). Securite-civile.nc. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  69. ^ "Communiqué de presse_DSCGR_du 13 mars 2015_alerte cyclonique n°2 (PAM) | Direction de la Sécurité Civile et de la Gestion des Risques" (in French). Securite-civile.nc. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  70. ^ "Légers Dégâts sur le Caillou" (in French). Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes. 17 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  71. ^ "NZ braces for Cyclone Pam". Radio New Zealand. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  72. ^ a b "Cyclone Pam reaches New Zealand". 3News. 15 March 2015. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  73. ^ Noble, Chris. "TC Pam Summary". MetService. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  74. ^ a b Collette Devlin and Ian Steward (15 March 2015). "Cyclone Pam weakening as it nears New Zealand video". stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  75. ^ a b Singh, Bill. "Cyclone Pam – Latest update 7:35 pm Monday 16th March". MetService. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  76. ^ McCracken, Heather; Papatsoumas, Nikki; Feek, Belinda; Gisborne Herald staff (16 March 2015). "Cyclone Pam: 'Never seen anything like it'". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  77. ^ Cate Broughton (17 March 2015). "Pam causes power outage in Chatham Islands". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  78. ^ John Weekes and Sophie Ryan (17 March 2015). "Cyclone Pam: Conditions expected to worsen in Chathams". Gisborne Herald. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  79. ^ a b David Wroe and Lisa Visentin (15 March 2015). "Cyclone Pam: Australia gives Vanuatu $5 million in aid". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  80. ^ Jessica Mendoza (14 March 2015). "Cyclone Pam: Why Japan is a leader in disaster relief". The Christian Science Monitor.
  81. ^ "Vanuatu appeals for help after Cyclone Pam strikes". Financial Times. 15 March 2015.
  82. ^ "Ban highlights climate risks as Vanuatu counts dead from Cyclone Pam". Deutsche Welle. 14 March 2015.
  83. ^ Elizabeth Chuck (15 March 2015). "'Disaster' in Vanuatu After Cyclone Pam Tears Through Pacific Archipelago". NBC News. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  84. ^ a b c Joshua Kuku (14 March 2015). "Aid effort stepped up after monster Vanuatu cyclone". Suva, Fiji: ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  85. ^ "Notre soutien au Vanuatu après le cyclone Pam". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  86. ^ "La Polynésie débloque 10 millions de francs pour aider les sinistrés du Vanuatu". polynésie 1ère.
  87. ^ "L'assistance au Vanuatu, c'est parti". Radio Cocotier.
  88. ^ "Deux Casa et un Guardian engagés pour venir en aide à Vanuatu". DFNS.net en Français.
  89. ^ "Cyclone Pam: UN agency reports all 22 Vanuatu islands reached with relief supplies". United Nations News Centre. 27 March 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
  90. ^ "IsraAID brings aid to Vanuatu after Cyclone Pam". GxMSDev.
  91. ^ "After cyclone, Israeli mission provides relief in Vanuatu". The Times of Israel.
  92. ^ "Vital Needs Met in Vanuatu". ADRA. 25 March 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  93. ^ "International assistance due today in Tuvalu". Radio New Zealand International. 17 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  94. ^ "Taiwan donates US$61,000 to cyclone-hit Tuvalu". Taipei, Taiwan: Focus Taiwan. Central News Agency. March 17, 2015. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  95. ^ "UNICEF rushes emergency supplies for cyclone-affected Tuvalu". UN News Centre. 19 March 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  96. ^ "Aust sends cyclone aid to Tuvalu". Australian Associated Press. 19 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  97. ^ "Tuvalu: Tropical Cyclone Pam Situation Report No. 1 (as of 22 March 2015)". Relief Web. 22 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  98. ^ a b c "Tuvalu: Tropical Cyclone Pam Situation Report No. 2 (as of 30 March 2015)". Relief Web. 30 March 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyclone Pam.

Read other articles:

Juliusz Rómmel

Juliusz RómmelLahir(1881-06-03)3 Juni 1881Grodno, BelarusiaMeninggal8 September 1967(1967-09-08) (umur 86)Warsawa,Pengabdian PolandiaDinas/cabangTentara PolandiaLama dinas1903–1947Pangkat Mayor JenderalPerang/pertempuranPerang Dunia IPerang Saudara RusiaPerang Polandia-Soviet Pertempuran Komarów pertempuran Sungai Niemen Perang Dunia II Pertempuran Łódź Pengepungan Warsawa Juliusz Karol Józef Wilhelm Rommel (Jerman: Karl Julius Wilhelm Josef Freiherr von Rummel, lahir 3...

 

معادن السيليكات

معادن السيليكاتمعلومات عامةصنف فرعي من معدن الاسم silicate mineral (بالإنجليزية) [1] جزءٌ مِن سلسلة تصنيف سترونز معادن الفوسفات organic class of minerals (en) تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات من معادن الفيلوسيليكات الكريسوكولا معادن السيليكات هي مجموعة من المعادن تشكل أكبر وأهم فئة م...

 

Malu

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Malu (disambiguasi). Hawa menutupi tubuhnya dan menundukkan kepalanya karena rasa malu, Eve After the Fall. Malu adalah salah satu bentuk emosi manusia.[1] Malu dicirikan dengan perasaan aprehensi (gelisah), kurangnya rasa nyaman, atau canggung tekhususnya pada saat seseorang tersebut berada di area dengan banyak orang. Hal ini biasa terjadi pada situasi-situasi baru atau orang yang tidak dikebal; orang yang pemalu dapat memilih untuk menghindari situasi-stu...

Potensial listrik

Artikel ini merupakan bagain dari seriListrik dan MagnetMichael Faraday. Bapak kelistrikan dunia, dan sosok penting pada ilmu kemagnetan. Buku rujukan Statika listrik Muatan listrik Medan listrik Insulator Konduktor Ketribolistrikan Induksi Listrik Statis Hukum Coulomb Hukum Gauss Fluks listrik / energi potensial Momen polaritas listirk Statika magnet Hukum Ampere Medan magnet Magnetisasi Fluks magnetik Kaidah tangan kanan Kaidah tangan kiri Hukum Biot–Savart Hukum magnet Gauss Momen p...

 

Biodiversity of Kosovo

Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park Sharr Mountains National Park Kosovo is characterised by a diverse biodiversity and an abundance of different ecosystems and habitats determined by the climate along with the geology and hydrology.[1] Predominantly mountainous, it is located at the center of the Balkan Peninsula bounded by Montenegro to the west, Serbia to the north and east, North Macedonia to the southeast, and Albania to the southwest. Most of the country is geographically defined b...

 

Pasir Gudang Highway

Road in Malaysia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Pasir Gudang Highway – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Federal Route 17Pasir Gudang HighwayRoute informationLength30.4 km (18.9 mi)Existed1977–presentHisto...

List of cooking appliances

A gas-operated oven/stove combination This is a list of cooking appliances that are used for cooking foods. Cooking appliances Using a caramelizer A domestic deep fryer with a wire basket An electric food steamer A microwave oven A hot-air style home popcorn maker A pressure cooker An electric rice cooker Air fryer Bachelor griller Barbecue grill Beehive oven Brasero Brazier Bread machine Burjiko Butane torch Chapati maker Cheesemelter Chocolatera Chorkor oven Clome oven Comal (cookware) Com...

 

Treslon

TresloncomuneTreslon – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Francia RegioneGrand Est Dipartimento Marna ArrondissementReims CantoneFismes-Montagne de Reims TerritorioCoordinate49°14′N 3°49′E / 49.233333°N 3.816667°E49.233333; 3.816667 (Treslon)Coordinate: 49°14′N 3°49′E / 49.233333°N 3.816667°E49.233333; 3.816667 (Treslon) Superficie3,93 km² Abitanti186[1] (2009) Densità47,33 ab./km² Altre informazioniCod. postale51140 Fuso...

 

Oliver Makor

Oliver Makor Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Oliver Paul MakorTanggal lahir 9 Oktober 1973 (umur 50)Tempat lahir Monrovia, LiberiaTinggi 168 m (551 ft 2 in)Posisi bermain Gelandang tengahInformasi klubKlub saat ini Persik KediriNomor 11Karier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol) 1991–1992 1993 1994 1994–1996 1996–1997 1997–1999 1999–2001 2001–2002 2002–2009 2010–2011 2012-kini Black Star Julius Berger FC Canon Yaoundé Grenoble Foot 38 Tours FC Limoges FC Proodefti...

中华人民共和国国家元首列表

  提示：此条目页的主题不是中華人民共和國最高領導人。 中华人民共和国 中华人民共和国政府与政治系列条目 执政党 中国共产党 党章、党旗党徽 主要负责人、领导核心 领导集体、民主集中制 意识形态、组织 以习近平同志为核心的党中央 两个维护、两个确立 全国代表大会 （二十大） 中央委员会 （二十届） 总书记：习近平 中央政治局 常务委员会 中央书记处 �...

 

Manta (Italia)

Mantacomune Manta – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Italia Regione Piemonte Provincia Cuneo AmministrazioneSindacoPaolo Vulcano (lista civica) dal 27-5-2019 TerritorioCoordinate44°37′N 7°29′E / 44.616667°N 7.483333°E44.616667; 7.483333 (Manta)Coordinate: 44°37′N 7°29′E / 44.616667°N 7.483333°E44.616667; 7.483333 (Manta) Altitudine400 m s.l.m. Superficie11,73 km² Abitanti3 786[1] (30-4-2023)...

 

孔戈尼亚斯

孔戈尼亚斯Congonhas市镇孔戈尼亚斯在巴西的位置坐标：20°30′00″S 43°51′28″W / 20.5°S 43.8578°W / -20.5; -43.8578国家巴西州米纳斯吉拉斯州面积 • 总计305.579 平方公里（117.985 平方英里）人口 • 總計48,066人 • 密度157人/平方公里（407人/平方英里） 孔戈尼亚斯（葡萄牙语：Congonhas）是巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州的一个市镇。总面积305.579�...

Peter Tchernyshev

Russian-American ice dancer Peter TchernyshevLang and Tchernyshev at an ice show in 2002Other namesPyotr Andreyevich ChernyshevBorn (1971-02-06) February 6, 1971 (age 53)Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet UnionHeight1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)Figure skating careerCountryUnited States and RussiaPartnerNaomi LangSkating clubAmerican Academy FSCBegan skating1977Retired2004 Medal record Figure skating: Ice dancing Representing the  United States Four Continents Championships 2003 Bei...

 

Magnesium L-threonate

Magnesium L-threonate Names IUPAC name Magnesium bis[(2R,3S)-2,3,4-trihydroxybutanoate] Other names MgT Identifiers CAS Number 778571-57-6 Y500304-76-7 (hydrate) 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChemSpider 24590125 N PubChem CID 53395228 InChI InChI=1S/2C4H8O5.Mg/c2*5-1-2(6)3(7)4(8)9;/h2*2-3,5-7H,1H2,(H,8,9);/q;;+2/p-2/t2*2-,3+;/m00./s1 NKey: YVJOHOWNFPQSPP-BALCVSAKSA-L NInChI=1/2C4H8O5.Mg/c2*5-1-2(6)3(7)4(8)9;/h2*2-3,5-7H,1H2,(H,8,9);/q;;+2/p-2/t2*2-,3+;/m00./s1Ke...

 

التحضير المسبق للب

رسم متحرك يوضح تحضير نواة لوفالوا وإزالة تقشر لوفالوا (بشكل محدد مسبقًا)  Prepared-core techniqueقلب حجر الصوان لصنع الشفرات (أعيد تجميعها من الشفرات لأغراض التوضيح) ، Boqer Tachtit ،النقب، إسرائيل, حوالي 40000 ق م.ثقافة كبارية microliths من نواة معدة، 22000-18000 ق م. التحضير المُسبق للُّب[1] أو تق...

Sergeant Berry

1938 film For the character and TV series, see Sergeant Berry (TV series). Sergeant BerryDirected byHerbert SelpinWritten byRudolf Klein-RoggeLotte NeumannWalter WassermannProduced byHans AlbersFranz VogelStarringHans AlbersToni von BukovicsPeter VoßCinematographyFranz KochEdited byLena NeumannMusic byHans Sommer [de]ProductioncompanyTobis FilmDistributed byTobis FilmRelease date 22 December 1938 (1938-12-22) Running time113 minutesCountryGermanyLanguageGerman Ser...

 

Archie Cameron

Australian politician The HonourableArchie CameronCameron as Speaker of the House12th Speaker of the Australian House of RepresentativesIn office22 February 1950 – 9 August 1956Preceded bySol RosevearSucceeded bySir John McLeayLeader of the Country PartyIn office13 September 1939 – 16 October 1940DeputyHarold ThorbyArthur FaddenPreceded byEarle PageSucceeded byArthur FaddenMinister for CommerceIn office14 March 1940 – 28 October 1940Prime MinisterRobert Menzie...

 

Circle the Drain

Circle the DrainSingel promosi oleh Katy Perrydari album Teenage DreamDirilis10 Agustus 2010Genre Disco-rock gothic rock hard rock Durasi4:32LabelCapitolPencipta Katy Perry Christopher Tricky Stewart Monte Neuble ProduserChristopher Tricky StewartAudio videoCircle The Drain di YouTube Circle the Drain adalah lagu oleh penyanyi asal Amerika Serikat Katy Perry, dari album studio ketiganya, Teenage Dream (2010). Lagu ini ditulis oleh Perry, Christopher Tricky Stewart dan Monte Neuble. Secara lir...

World War II in Yugoslavia

Military operations in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia World War II in YugoslaviaPart of the European theatre of World War IIClockwise from top left: Ante Pavelić visits Adolf Hitler at the Berghof; Stjepan Filipović hanged by the occupation forces; Draža Mihailović confers with his troops; a group of Chetniks with German soldiers in a village in Serbia; Josip Broz Tito with members of the British missionDate6 April 1941 – 25 May 1945(4 years, 1 month, 1 week and 2 da...

 

كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي 1960–61

كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي 1960–61 تفاصيل الموسم كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي  النسخة 80  البلد المملكة المتحدة  المنظم الاتحاد الإنجليزي لكرة القدم  البطل توتنهام هوتسبير  كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي 1959–60  كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي 1961–62  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   كأس الاتحاد ال�...