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Clackamas County
Clackamas County
County
	Mount Hood Oregon City Municipal Elevator Timberline Lodge Willamette Falls Portland Oregon Temple Clackamas County Courthouse
	Seal Logo
	Location within the U.S. state of Oregon
	Oregon's location within the U.S.
	Coordinates: 45°11′N 122°13′W / 45.19°N 122.21°W
Country	United States
State	Oregon
Founded	July 5, 1843
Named for	Clackamas people
Seat	Oregon City
Largest city	Lake Oswego
Area
• Total	1,883 sq mi (4,880 km2)
• Land	1,870 sq mi (4,800 km2)
• Water	13 sq mi (30 km2) 0.7%
Population (2020)
• Total	421,401
• Estimate (2023)	423,173
• Density	220/sq mi (86/km2)
Time zone	UTC−8 (Pacific)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−7 (PDT)
Congressional districts	3rd, 5th, 6th
Website	www.clackamas.us

Clackamas County (/ˈklækəməs/ CLAK-ə-məss) is one of the 36 counties in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2020 census, the population was 421,401, making it Oregon's third-most populous county.^[1] Its county seat is Oregon City.^[2] The county was named after the native people living in the area at the time of the coming of Europeans, the Clackamas people, who are part of the Chinookan peoples.

Clackamas County is part of the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is in the Willamette Valley.

History

Originally named Clackamas District, it was one of the four original Oregon districts created by Oregon's Provisional Legislature on July 5, 1843, along with Twality (later Washington), Champooick (later Marion), and Yamhill. The four districts were redesignated as counties in 1845. At the time of its creation, Clackamas County covered portions of four present-day U.S. states and a Canadian province. The Columbia River became the northern boundary of the county in 1844. Soon after, John McLoughlin staked a land claim in Oregon City and built a house that in 2003 became a unit of the Fort Vancouver National Historic Site.

Most of the indigenous people of the Wil-lamet Valley were forcibly removed in February 1859, to the reservation of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde. Most were moved without treaty or compensation for lost lands or resources. Some 22 tribes were moved during the cold winter. It is estimated that 30% did not survive the first year. The tribes eventually prospered, but outside of Clackamas County. They also never received any revenue or compensation from the logging of their homeland forests.

In addition, the Tribes of the Cascades Mountains were isolated to a Reservation after the signing of a treaty in 1859. Confederated Tribes of Warmsprings was established and remains a strong and vital player in actions that concern the Federal forests of the Cascades Range.

Oregon City was also the site of the only federal court west of the Rockies in 1849, when San Francisco, California, was platted. The plat was filed in 1850 in the first plat book of the first office of records on the West Coast and is still in Oregon City.

Around 1900, the spa and resort at Wilthoit Springs was a popular tourist destination.^[3] In 1902, the Willamette Meteorite was recovered from a field near present-day West Linn.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,883 square miles (4,880 km²), of which 1,870 square miles (4,800 km²) is land and 12 square miles (31 km²) (0.7%) is water.^[4]

Major highways

Adjacent counties

Multnomah County - north
Hood River County - northeast
Wasco County - east
Marion County - south
Yamhill County - west
Washington County - northwest

The county includes parts of two national forests: Mount Hood National Forest and Willamette National Forest.

Demographics

Historical population
Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1850	1,859		—
1860	3,466		86.4%
1870	5,993		72.9%
1880	9,260		54.5%
1890	15,233		64.5%
1900	19,658		29.0%
1910	29,931		52.3%
1920	37,698		25.9%
1930	46,205		22.6%
1940	57,130		23.6%
1950	86,716		51.8%
1960	113,038		30.4%
1970	166,088		46.9%
1980	241,919		45.7%
1990	278,850		15.3%
2000	338,391		21.4%
2010	375,992		11.1%
2020	421,401		12.1%
2023 (est.)	423,173	^[5]	0.4%
U.S. Decennial Census^[6] 1790–1960^[7] 1900–1990^[8] 1990–2000^[9] 2010–2020^[1]

2010 census

As of the 2010 census, there were 375,992 people, 145,790 households, and 100,866 families in the county.^[10] The population density was 201.0 inhabitants per square mile (77.6/km²). There were 156,945 housing units at an average density of 83.9 per square mile (32.4/km²).^[11] The racial makeup of the county was 88.2% white, 3.7% Asian, 0.8% American Indian, 0.8% black or African American, 0.2% Pacific islander, 3.1% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 7.7% of the population.^[10] In terms of ancestry, 24.9% were German, 14.5% were English, 13.3% were Irish, 5.0% were Norwegian, and 4.9% were American.^[12]

Of the 145,790 households, 32.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 30.8% were non-families, and 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.04. The median age was 40.6 years.^[10]

The median income for a household in the county was $62,007 and the median income for a family was $74,905. Males had a median income of $53,488 versus $39,796 for females. The per capita income for the county was $31,785. About 6.1% of families and 9.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.2% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over.^[13]

2000 census

As of the 2000 census, there were 338,391 people, 128,201 households, and 91,663 families in the county. The population density was 181 people per square mile (70 people/km²). There were 136,954 housing units at an average density of 73 units per square mile (28/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 91.27% White, 2.45% Asian, 0.71% Native American, 0.66% Black or African American, 0.17% Pacific Islander, 2.28% from other races, and 2.46% from two or more races. 4.95% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 20.7% were of German, 11.6% English, 9.1% Irish and 7.5% American ancestry.

There were 128,201 households, out of which 34.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.60% were married couples living together, 9.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.50% were non-families. 22.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.07.

The county population contained 26.20% under the age of 18, 8.00% from 18 to 24, 28.70% from 25 to 44, 26.00% from 45 to 64, and 11.10% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.90 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $52,080, and the median income for a family was $60,791. Males had a median income of $43,462 versus $30,891 for females. The per capita income for the county was $25,973. About 4.60% of families and 6.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.60% of those under age 18 and 5.10% of those age 65 or over.

Communities

Several of the county's cities extend into other counties. Lake Oswego and Milwaukie include areas in Multnomah County. Lake Oswego, Rivergrove and Wilsonville include areas in Washington County. The cities of Portland and Tualatin extend into Clackamas County from Multnomah and Washington counties respectively.

In Clackamas County, hamlets and villages are models of local land use governance for unincorporated areas. The four hamlets in Clackamas County are Beavercreek, Molalla Prairie, Mulino, and Stafford. The county's only village is the Villages at Mount Hood.

Cities

Census-designated places

Hamlet

Molalla Prairie

Unincorporated communities

Former unincorporated communities

Bissell – named for W. S. Bissell, U.S. Postmaster General from 1893 to 1895.^[14] Bissell had its own post office from at least 1899 to 1923.^[15]^[16]

Government and politics

Incorporated communities

Clackamas County is the first county in Oregon to have four models of governance for its communities. Like the rest of Oregon, it has cities (which are formally incorporated) and rural communities (some of which for federal purposes are considered census-designated places).

After the completion of a process that began in late 1999, the county adopted an ordinance on August 11, 2005, which defined hamlets and villages. By the November 30, 2005, deadline, three communities had submitted petitions to be designated as such. Boring petitioned to become a village, but the application was rejected in a town hall referendum in August 2006. The communities along U.S. Route 26 near Mount Hood from Brightwood to Rhododendron petitioned to become "The Villages at Mount Hood", and it was approved by residents in May 2006. Beavercreek petitioned to become a hamlet, and was recognized as such in September 2006.

While the other counties in the Portland Metropolitan Area are solidly Democratic, Clackamas County typically serves as a swing county. It has usually voted for the eventual winner of presidential elections, with exceptions in 1884, 1892, 1916, 1948, 1960, 1976, and 2016.

Federal government
County Chair:	Tootie Smith
County Commissioners:	Paul Savas Martha Schrader Mark Shull Ben West
County Clerk:	Catherine McMullen
Assessor Tax Collector:	Bronson Rueda
Treasurer:	Brian Nava
Justice of the Peace:	Karen Brisbin
District Attorney:	John Wentworth
County Sheriff:	Angela Brandenburg
U.S. Representative(s):	Earl Blumenauer (D-3rd District) Lori Chavez-DeRemer (R-5th District) Andrea Salinas (D-6th District)
U.S. Senators:	Ron Wyden (D) Jeff Merkley (D)

^[17]

State representatives

	Name^[17]	Party	Residence
District 18	Rick Lewis	Republican	Silverton
District 26	Courtney Neron	Democratic	Wilsonville
District 37	Jules Walters	Democratic	West Linn
District 38	Daniel Nguyen	Democratic	Lake Oswego
District 39	Janelle Bynum	Democratic	Happy Valley
District 40	Annessa Hartman	Democratic	Gladstone
District 41	Mark Gamba	Democratic	Milwaukie
District 48	Jeff Reardon	Democratic	Happy Valley
District 51	James Hieb	Republican	Canby
District 52	Jeff Helfrich	Republican	The Dalles

State senators

	Name^[17]	Party	Residence	Notes
District 9	Fred Girod	Republican	Stayton
District 19	Rob Wagner	Democratic	Lake Oswego	Senate President
District 20	Mark Meek	Democratic	Gladstone
District 21	Kathleen Taylor	Democratic	Portland
District 24	Kayse Jama	Democratic	Portland
District 26	Daniel Bonham	Republican	The Dalles

United States presidential election results for Clackamas County, Oregon^[18]
Year	Republican		Democratic		Third party(ies)
Year	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
2020	110,509	42.89%	139,043	53.96%	8,127	3.15%
2016	88,392	41.30%	102,095	47.70%	23,552	11.00%
2012	88,592	46.79%	95,493	50.44%	5,247	2.77%
2008	83,595	43.57%	103,476	53.93%	4,807	2.51%
2004	97,691	50.10%	95,129	48.78%	2,180	1.12%
2000	77,539	47.79%	76,421	47.10%	8,302	5.12%
1996	59,443	40.95%	67,709	46.65%	17,994	12.40%
1992	53,724	34.76%	60,310	39.03%	40,504	26.21%
1988	61,381	49.76%	59,799	48.48%	2,171	1.76%
1984	68,630	59.08%	47,254	40.68%	289	0.25%
1980	54,111	49.42%	40,462	36.96%	14,910	13.62%
1976	47,671	50.74%	42,504	45.24%	3,784	4.03%
1972	41,767	53.49%	32,540	41.67%	3,782	4.84%
1968	32,363	50.60%	27,939	43.68%	3,659	5.72%
1964	21,299	37.34%	35,711	62.60%	33	0.06%
1960	28,531	54.53%	23,679	45.26%	109	0.21%
1956	25,314	55.36%	20,416	44.64%	0	0.00%
1952	24,174	59.51%	16,219	39.93%	227	0.56%
1948	14,431	47.97%	14,263	47.41%	1,389	4.62%
1944	12,492	46.29%	14,060	52.10%	435	1.61%
1940	11,416	45.39%	13,547	53.86%	190	0.76%
1936	5,830	27.37%	14,203	66.67%	1,270	5.96%
1932	5,964	32.05%	11,575	62.20%	1,069	5.74%
1928	9,216	59.51%	5,918	38.22%	352	2.27%
1924	5,864	43.28%	3,099	22.87%	4,585	33.84%
1920	6,928	59.52%	3,740	32.13%	971	8.34%
1916	6,349	50.91%	5,334	42.77%	788	6.32%
1912	1,503	23.01%	2,171	33.24%	2,858	43.75%
1908	2,776	53.91%	1,866	36.24%	507	9.85%
1904	2,783	67.78%	684	16.66%	639	15.56%
1900	2,234	53.96%	1,641	39.64%	265	6.40%
1896	2,664	51.79%	2,386	46.38%	94	1.83%
1892	1,815	44.51%	655	16.06%	1,608	39.43%
1888	1,527	56.39%	1,005	37.11%	176	6.50%
1884	1,381	55.31%	1,015	40.65%	101	4.04%
1880	1,166	57.10%	872	42.70%	4	0.20%

Economy

Since the county's creation, agriculture, timber, manufacturing, and commerce have been the principal economic activities. Mount Hood, the only year-round ski resort in the United States and the site of Timberline Lodge, is a major attraction for recreation and tourism, offering outdoor recreation activities from skiing and rafting to fishing and camping.

Infrastructure

The county supports the Library Information Network of Clackamas County. The urban areas of the county are also served by Metro.

Notable people

Bob Amsberry (1928–1957), original member of The Mickey Mouse Club^[19]
Rebecca Anderson (born 1991), beauty pageant titleholder^[20]
Debby Applegate (born 1968), biographer and historian^[21]
Jay Baller (born 1960), baseball player
Howard C. Belton (1893–1988), Oregon State Treasurer
William H. Boring (1841–1932), Union soldier; founder of Boring
Nan Britton (1896–1991), secretary and mistress of President Warren G. Harding^[22]
George Bruns (1914–1984), Walt Disney Pictures film composer^[23]
Ed Coleman (1901–1964), baseball player
Ralph Coleman (1895–1990), baseball coach^[24]
Ryan Crouser (born 1992), shot putter, discus thrower, Olympic Gold Medalist^[25]
Carson Ellis (born 1975), artist and illustrator
Philip Foster (1805–1884), pioneer
Alma Francis (1890–1968), stage actress and singer^[26]
Tom Gorman (born 1957), baseball pitcher^[27]
Tonya Harding (born 1970), Olympic figure skater^[28]
Joni Harms (born 1959), musician
Bill Johnson (1960–2016), Olympic skier^[29]
Edwin Markham (1852–1940), Poet Laureate of Oregon
Colin Meloy (born 1974), musician
Charis Michelsen (born 1974), actress, model, and makeup artist
Bill Morgan (1910–1985), football player
Ben Musa (1905–1974), Oregon state legislator
Alan Olsen (born 1948), Oregon State Senator
Ralph Patt (1929–2010),^[30] jazz-guitarist who invented major-thirds tuning;^[31] geological expert on groundwater contamination from the Hanford Site.^[32]^[33]
Burt Rutan (born 1943), aerospace engineer
Kurt Schrader (born 1951), U.S. Representative from Oregon
Martha Schrader (born 1953), Oregon State Senator
Chael Sonnen (born 1977), wrestler
Brenda Strong (born 1960), film and television actress^[34]
Maria Thayer (born 1975), actress and comedian^[35]
Mark Thorson (born 1983), football player^[36]
Aaron E. Waite (1813–1898), Oregon Supreme Court justice
Brian Wilbur (born 1986), Granada Lions quarterback

References

^ ^a ^b "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 21, 2023.
^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Wilhoit Springs Park | Clackamas County". www.clackamas.us. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Archived from the original on August 11, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
^ Forstall, Richard L., ed. (March 27, 1995). "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
^ "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
^ "Selected Social Characteristics in the US – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
^ "Selected Economic Characteristics – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
^ McArthur, Lewis A. (December 1925). "Oregon Geographic Names". The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society. 26 (4): 342. JSTOR 20610329.
^ United States Official Postal Guide. United States Post Office. 1923. p. 649.
^ United States Official Postal Guide. United States Post Office. 1899. p. 496.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Elected Officials: Clackamas County". Clackamas County, Oregon. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^ Leip, David. "Atlas of US Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
^ "Mickey Mouse Club Cast: Bob Amsberry". Original Mickey Mouse Club. Archived from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
^ Spitaleri, Ellen (June 24, 2013). "OCHS graduate sisters compete for state pageant crown". Portland Tribune. Portland, OR: Pamplin Media Group. Archived from the original on July 1, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
^ Pulitzer-prize winning author has Eastern Oregon ties, East Oregonian, May 9, 2007.(subscription required)
^ Green, Aimee (August 16, 2015). "Woman who loved Harding finally vindicated". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. p. A2. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018.
^ "George Bruns". Moviefone. Archived from the original on November 5, 2020.
^ "Oregon State Baseball". Oregon State University. Archived from the original on June 1, 2010.
^ Mesh, Aaron (August 23, 2016). "Here's How Far Oregon Olympian Ryan Crouser Threw a Shot Put". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on January 2, 2019.
^ "Obituary: Alma Francis Fields". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. August 23, 1968. p. 1.
^ Simon, Mark (July 2, 2010). "Remembering the wackiest game ever". ESPN.com. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
^ Brennan, Christine (January 20, 1994). "Rival Skater's Ex-Husband Charged in Attack". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 2, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
^ Miller, Peter (November 1984). "Being Bill". Ski. 49: 52. ISSN 0037-6159.
^ "Ralph Oliver Patt: Canby, Oregon". Death-Record. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
^ Griewank (2010, p. 1): Griewank, Andreas (January 1, 2010), Tuning guitars and reading music in major thirds, Matheon preprints, vol. 695, Rosestr. 3a, 12524 Berlin, Germany: DFG research center "MATHEON, Mathematics for key technologies" Berlin, MSC-Classification 97M80 Arts. Music. Language. Architecture{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location (link) (Postscript file and PDF file)
^ Associated Press (August 7, 1991). "DOE (Department of Energy) says report on accidents at Hanford to be released soon". Lewiston Morning Tribune. Yakima. Retrieved August 17, 2012.Geronios, Nicholas K. (August 7, 1991). "DOE accused of concealing report: Document may detail 125 Hanford accidents". The Spokesman-Review (Spokane, WA). Retrieved August 17, 2012.
^ Dorn Steele, Karen (July 13, 1997). "Cracks in Hanford's clean bill of health: Congressional watchdogs want to make sure nuclear facility plugs leaks". The Spokesman-Review (Spokane, WA). Archived from the original on June 11, 2014.
^ Baker, Jeff (April 30, 2014). "17 actors you (maybe) didn't know were from Oregon". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. Archived from the original on February 23, 2015.
^ Turnquist, Kristi (February 11, 2016). "TV's Maria Thayer: From a bee farm in Boring to the new sitcom, 'Those Who Can't'". The Oregonian. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
^ Cade, Michael (October 23, 2006). "Sibling rivalry? Nope". Portland Tribune. Pamplin Media Group. Archived from the original on December 30, 2014.

External links

Clackamas County, Oregon
Clackamas County hamlets and villages
Clackamas County Considering Hamlets and Villages Archived September 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, a September 2005 article from Oregon Public Broadcasting

[QF-1] "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 21, 2023.

[2] "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.

[:0-3] "Wilhoit Springs Park | Clackamas County". www.clackamas.us. Retrieved January 25, 2024.

[4] "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2015.

[USCensusEst2023-5] "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 6, 2024.

[6] "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 25, 2015.

[7] "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Archived from the original on August 11, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2015.

[8] Forstall, Richard L., ed. (March 27, 1995). "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 25, 2015.

[9] "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2015.

[DP-10] "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2016.

[11] "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2016.

[12] "Selected Social Characteristics in the US – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2016.

[13] "Selected Economic Characteristics – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2016.

[14] McArthur, Lewis A. (December 1925). "Oregon Geographic Names". The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society. 26 (4): 342. JSTOR 20610329.

[15] United States Official Postal Guide. United States Post Office. 1923. p. 649.

[16] United States Official Postal Guide. United States Post Office. 1899. p. 496.

[electeds-17] "Elected Officials: Clackamas County". Clackamas County, Oregon. Retrieved January 14, 2021.

[18] Leip, David. "Atlas of US Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved April 4, 2018.

[19] "Mickey Mouse Club Cast: Bob Amsberry". Original Mickey Mouse Club. Archived from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved April 9, 2016.

[pltr130624-20] Spitaleri, Ellen (June 24, 2013). "OCHS graduate sisters compete for state pageant crown". Portland Tribune. Portland, OR: Pamplin Media Group. Archived from the original on July 1, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2015.

[21] Pulitzer-prize winning author has Eastern Oregon ties, East Oregonian, May 9, 2007.(subscription required)

[22] Green, Aimee (August 16, 2015). "Woman who loved Harding finally vindicated". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. p. A2. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018.

[23] "George Bruns". Moviefone. Archived from the original on November 5, 2020.

[osubb-24] "Oregon State Baseball". Oregon State University. Archived from the original on June 1, 2010.

[25] Mesh, Aaron (August 23, 2016). "Here's How Far Oregon Olympian Ryan Crouser Threw a Shot Put". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on January 2, 2019.

[or-26] "Obituary: Alma Francis Fields". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. August 23, 1968. p. 1.

[27] Simon, Mark (July 2, 2010). "Remembering the wackiest game ever". ESPN.com. Retrieved October 1, 2018.

[28] Brennan, Christine (January 20, 1994). "Rival Skater's Ex-Husband Charged in Attack". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 2, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018.

[29] Miller, Peter (November 1984). "Being Bill". Ski. 49: 52. ISSN 0037-6159.

[DR-30] "Ralph Oliver Patt: Canby, Oregon". Death-Record. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2012.

[Griewank1-31] Griewank (2010, p. 1): Griewank, Andreas (January 1, 2010), Tuning guitars and reading music in major thirds, Matheon preprints, vol. 695, Rosestr. 3a, 12524 Berlin, Germany: DFG research center "MATHEON, Mathematics for key technologies" Berlin, MSC-Classification 97M80 Arts. Music. Language. Architecture{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location (link) (Postscript file and PDF file)

[32] Associated Press (August 7, 1991). "DOE (Department of Energy) says report on accidents at Hanford to be released soon". Lewiston Morning Tribune. Yakima. Retrieved August 17, 2012.Geronios, Nicholas K. (August 7, 1991). "DOE accused of concealing report: Document may detail 125 Hanford accidents". The Spokesman-Review (Spokane, WA). Retrieved August 17, 2012.

[33] Dorn Steele, Karen (July 13, 1997). "Cracks in Hanford's clean bill of health: Congressional watchdogs want to make sure nuclear facility plugs leaks". The Spokesman-Review (Spokane, WA). Archived from the original on June 11, 2014.

[34] Baker, Jeff (April 30, 2014). "17 actors you (maybe) didn't know were from Oregon". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. Archived from the original on February 23, 2015.

[35] Turnquist, Kristi (February 11, 2016). "TV's Maria Thayer: From a bee farm in Boring to the new sitcom, 'Those Who Can't'". The Oregonian. Retrieved September 25, 2016.

[36] Cade, Michael (October 23, 2006). "Sibling rivalry? Nope". Portland Tribune. Pamplin Media Group. Archived from the original on December 30, 2014.

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Clackamas County, Oregon