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Christmas Island pipistrelle
Conservation status
	; Extinct (2009) (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Chiroptera
Family:	Vespertilionidae
Genus:	Pipistrellus
Species:	†P. murrayi
Binomial name
	†Pipistrellus murrayi; (Andrews, 1900)
Synonyms
	Pipistrellus tenuis murrayi

The Christmas Island pipistrelle (Pipistrellus murrayi) is an extinct species of vesper bat that was found only on Christmas Island, Australia. The last individual bat was seen in August 2009 with no further sightings despite intensive efforts to locate it.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Taxonomy and etymology

It was described as a new species by British paleontologist Charles William Andrews, in a monograph published in 1900. Its species name "murrayi" was likely inspired by Sir John Murray, who helped pay for Andrews's expedition to the Christmas Island where he described it.^[4]

It has sometimes been considered synonymous with Pipistrellus tenuis;^[5]^[6] however, revisions of the genus based on baculum identified Pipistrellus murrayi as a distinct species.^[7]^[8] This was supported by genetic work conducted for the Australian Government as part of its investigation into the decline of Christmas Island ecology and the pipistrelle in mid-2009; the results of this analysis indicate that the Christmas Island Pipistrelle was closely related to but distinct from other Asian pipistrelles.^[9]

Description

It was a small bat weighing around 3–4.5 g (0.11–0.16 oz). It had dark brown fur,^[10] with the tips of its hairs yellowish.^[4] Its forearm was 30–33 mm (1.2–1.3 in) long. It was the smallest described species of bat in Australia.^[10] Its ears were triangular and rounded at the tips. Its uropatagium had a distinct calcar. Its tail protruded very slightly (2 mm (0.079 in)) past the uropatagium. The length of its head and body was 35–40 mm (1.4–1.6 in) long; its tail was 30–31 mm (1.2–1.2 in) long; its ear was 9–11 mm (0.35–0.43 in); its hind foot was 6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in) long.^[4]

Biology

This species fed on insects and roosted in tree hollows and decaying vegetation.^[11]^[12]

Decline and extinction

The Christmas Island pipistrelle declined dramatically from 1990.^[13] It was once commonly seen throughout the island including in the settlement.^[14]

A reassessment of the number of individuals remaining in January 2009 suggested there may have been as few as 20 individuals left. The only known communal roost contained only four individuals. Three years before, there had been 54 individuals in this colony and there were several other known, similar-sized colonies. Monitoring in early 2009 showed that some bats survived in the wild, prompting the Australian government to announce on 1 July 2009, that it would attempt to rescue the bat by bringing the last remaining individuals into captivity, with assistance of volunteer bat researchers from the Australasian Bat Society.^[15]^[16]

In early August 2009 Australian Government gave permission to capture the bats to establish a captive breeding program. However, after four weeks of surveying located only a single bat through its echolocation. Researchers were unable to catch it and the last echolocation call of this bat was recorded on 26 August 2009, when it went silent. On 8 September 2009, the Australian Government announced that attempts to capture the bats had failed. No Christmas Island pipistrelles have been seen or heard since, and it is believed the species is now extinct.^[1]^[17]^[18] It is believed to be the first mammal extinction in Australia in 50 years.^[19]

Cause of decline

The cause of the Christmas Island pipistrelle's decline is unknown. Several potential threats have been suggested: predation or disturbance at roost sites, and disease.^[13] Introduced species such as the common wolf snake, giant centipede,^[20] yellow crazy ant, black rat or feral cats have all been identified as potential suspects responsible for the decline either through predation or disturbance of the bats. It has also been speculated that an unidentified health threat, or poisoning from the insecticide Fipronil used to control yellow crazy ant 'supercolonies' could be responsible for the decline.^[9]^[13]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Lumsden, L.F.; Racey, P.A.; Hutson, A.M. (2021) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Pipistrellus murrayi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T136769A209549918. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T136769A209549918.en. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
^ Flannery, Tim (17 November 2012). "Unmourned death of a sole survivor". The Sydney Morning Herald - Environment. Fairfax. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
^ "News at a glance". Science. 357 (6357). Christmas Island bat is officially no more. 22 September 2017. Bibcode:2017Sci...357.1216.. doi:10.1126/science.357.6357.1216.
^ ^a ^b ^c Andrews, C. W. (1900). A Monograph of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean). Printed by order of the Trustees. pp. 26–28.
^ Koopman, KF (1973). "Systematics of Indo-Australian pipistrelles". Periodicum Biologorum. 75: 113–116.
^ Koopman, KF (1993). "Order Chiroptera". In Wilson, DE; Reeder, DM (eds.). Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 137–241.
^ Kitchener, DJ; Caputi, N; Jones, B (1986). "Revision of the Australo-Papuan Pipistrellus and Falsistrellus (Microchiroptera: Vespertilionidae)". Records of the Western Australian Museum. 12: 435–495.
^ Hill, J.E; Harrison, D.L. (30 July 1987). "The baculum in the Vespertilioninae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) with a systematic review, a synopsis of Pipistrellus and Eptesicus, and the descriptions of a new genus and subgenus". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). 52: 225–305. doi:10.5962/p.18307. ISSN 0007-1498.
^ ^a ^b Christmas Island Expert Working Group to Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts (July 2009). Revised Interim Report (PDF).
^ ^a ^b Department of the Environment (2018). "Pipistrellus murrayi — Christmas Island Pipistrelle". environment.gov.au. Department of the Environment, Canberra. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
^ Schulz, M; Lumsden, L (2004). National Recovery Plan for the Christmas Island Pipistrelle Pipistrellus murrayi. Department of Environment and Heritage. ISBN 978-0-642-55012-5.
^ van Dyck, S.; Strahan, R, eds. (2008). The Mammals of Australia.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lumsden, L; Schulz, M; Ashton, R; D, Middleton (2007). Investigation of threats to the Christmas Island Pipistrelle. A report to the Department of the Environment and Water Resources. Heidelberg, Victoria: Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Sustainability and Environment.
^ Tidemann, C (1985). A study of the status, habitat requirements and management of the two species of bats on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean). Canberra: Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service.
^ Galvin, Nick (16 February 2009). "Garrett goes in to bat for species on sticky wicket". The Sydney Morning Herald - Environment. Fairfax. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
^ Garrett, Peter; Snowdon, Warren (1 July 2009). "Christmas Island Ecosystem Rescue" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
^ Kamenev, Marina (9 December 2009). "Should Wild Animals Become Pets to Ward Off Extinction?". Time. Archived from the original on 13 December 2009.
^ Hance, Jeremy (23 May 2012). "Island bat goes extinct after Australian officials hesitate". Mongabay.
^ Martin, T. G.; Nally, S.; Burbidge, A. A.; Arnall, S.; Garnett, S. T.; Hayward, M. W.; Possingham, H. P. (2012). "Acting fast helps avoid extinction". Conservation Letters. 4 (5): 274–280. Bibcode:2012ConL....5..274M. doi:10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00239.x. S2CID 85987070.
^ "Scolopendra morsitans". CSIRO.

[iucn-1] Lumsden, L.F.; Racey, P.A.; Hutson, A.M. (2021) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Pipistrellus murrayi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T136769A209549918. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T136769A209549918.en. Retrieved 26 September 2024.

[FlannerySMH-2] Flannery, Tim (17 November 2012). "Unmourned death of a sole survivor". The Sydney Morning Herald - Environment. Fairfax. Retrieved 14 December 2012.

[3] "News at a glance". Science. 357 (6357). Christmas Island bat is officially no more. 22 September 2017. Bibcode:2017Sci...357.1216.. doi:10.1126/science.357.6357.1216.

[Andrews_1900-4] Andrews, C. W. (1900). A Monograph of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean). Printed by order of the Trustees. pp. 26–28.

[5] Koopman, KF (1973). "Systematics of Indo-Australian pipistrelles". Periodicum Biologorum. 75: 113–116.

[6] Koopman, KF (1993). "Order Chiroptera". In Wilson, DE; Reeder, DM (eds.). Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 137–241.

[7] Kitchener, DJ; Caputi, N; Jones, B (1986). "Revision of the Australo-Papuan Pipistrellus and Falsistrellus (Microchiroptera: Vespertilionidae)". Records of the Western Australian Museum. 12: 435–495.

[Hill1987-8] Hill, J.E; Harrison, D.L. (30 July 1987). "The baculum in the Vespertilioninae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) with a systematic review, a synopsis of Pipistrellus and Eptesicus, and the descriptions of a new genus and subgenus". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). 52: 225–305. doi:10.5962/p.18307. ISSN 0007-1498.

[environment.gov.au-9] Christmas Island Expert Working Group to Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts (July 2009). Revised Interim Report (PDF).

[AU_DOE-10] Department of the Environment (2018). "Pipistrellus murrayi — Christmas Island Pipistrelle". environment.gov.au. Department of the Environment, Canberra. Retrieved 25 January 2018.

[11] Schulz, M; Lumsden, L (2004). National Recovery Plan for the Christmas Island Pipistrelle Pipistrellus murrayi. Department of Environment and Heritage. ISBN 978-0-642-55012-5.

[12] van Dyck, S.; Strahan, R, eds. (2008). The Mammals of Australia.

[Lumsden-13] Lumsden, L; Schulz, M; Ashton, R; D, Middleton (2007). Investigation of threats to the Christmas Island Pipistrelle. A report to the Department of the Environment and Water Resources. Heidelberg, Victoria: Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Sustainability and Environment.

[14] Tidemann, C (1985). A study of the status, habitat requirements and management of the two species of bats on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean). Canberra: Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service.

[15] Galvin, Nick (16 February 2009). "Garrett goes in to bat for species on sticky wicket". The Sydney Morning Herald - Environment. Fairfax. Retrieved 14 December 2012.

[16] Garrett, Peter; Snowdon, Warren (1 July 2009). "Christmas Island Ecosystem Rescue" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2009.

[17] Kamenev, Marina (9 December 2009). "Should Wild Animals Become Pets to Ward Off Extinction?". Time. Archived from the original on 13 December 2009.

[18] Hance, Jeremy (23 May 2012). "Island bat goes extinct after Australian officials hesitate". Mongabay.

[Martin_2012-19] Martin, T. G.; Nally, S.; Burbidge, A. A.; Arnall, S.; Garnett, S. T.; Hayward, M. W.; Possingham, H. P. (2012). "Acting fast helps avoid extinction". Conservation Letters. 4 (5): 274–280. Bibcode:2012ConL....5..274M. doi:10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00239.x. S2CID 85987070.

[20] "Scolopendra morsitans". CSIRO.

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Christmas Island pipistrelle

Taxonomy and etymology

Description

Biology

Decline and extinction

Cause of decline

References

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