Christian Goldbach

Christian Goldbach
Christian Goldbach
Born	18 March 1690; Königsberg, Brandenburg-Prussia
Died	20 November 1764 (aged 74); Moscow, Russian Empire
Nationality	Prussian
Citizenship	Russia
Known for	Goldbach's conjecture; Goldbach's theorem; Goldbach's weak conjecture
	Scientific career
Fields	Mathematics and Law
Signature

Christian Goldbach (/ˈɡoʊldbɑːk/; German: [ˈɡɔltbax]; 18 March 1690 – 20 November 1764) was a Prussian mathematician connected with some important research mainly in number theory; he also studied law and took an interest in and a role in the Russian court.^[1]^[2] After traveling around Europe in his early life, he landed in Russia in 1725 as a professor at the newly founded Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences.^[3] Goldbach jointly led the Academy in 1737.^[4] However, he relinquished duties in the Academy in 1742 and worked in the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs until his death in 1764.^[4] He is remembered today for Goldbach's conjecture and the Goldbach–Euler Theorem.^[1] He had a close friendship with famous mathematician Leonhard Euler, serving as inspiration for Euler's mathematical pursuits.^[2]

Biography

Early life

Born in the Duchy of Prussia's capital Königsberg, part of Brandenburg-Prussia, Goldbach was the son of a pastor.^[2] He studied at the Royal Albertus University.^[2]^[5] After finishing his studies he went on long educational trips from 1710 to 1724 through Europe, visiting other German states, England, the Netherlands, Italy, and France, meeting with many famous mathematicians, such as Gottfried Leibniz, Leonhard Euler, and Nicholas I Bernoulli. These acquaintances started Goldbach's interest in mathematics.^[6] He briefly attended Oxford University in 1713 and, while he was there, Goldbach studied mathematics with John Wallis and Isaac Newton.^[3] Also, Goldbach's travels fostered his interest in philology, archaeology, metaphysics, ballistics, and medicine.^[6] Between 1717 and 1724, Goldbach published his first few papers which, while minor, credited his mathematical ability. Back in Königsberg, he became acquainted with Georg Bernhard Bilfinger and Jakob Hermann.^[2]

Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences

Goldbach followed Bilfinger and Hermann to the newly opened St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1725.^[4] Christian Wolff had invited and had written recommendations for all the Germans who traveled to Saint Petersburg for the academy except Goldbach.^[3] Goldbach wrote to the president-designate of the academy, petitioning for a position in the academy, using his past publications and knowledge in medicine and law as qualifications.^[3]^[4] Goldbach was then hired to a five-year contract as a professor of mathematics and historian of the academy.^[3]^[4] As historian of the academy, he recorded each academy meeting from the opening of the school in 1725 until January 1728.^[4] Goldbach worked with famous mathematicians like Leonhard Euler, Daniel Bernoulli, Johann Bernoulli, and Jean le Rond d'Alembert.^[5] Goldbach also played a part in Euler's decision to academically pursue mathematics instead of medicine, cementing mathematics as the premier research field of the academy in the 1730s.^[3]

Russian government work

In 1728, when Peter II became Tsar of Russia, Goldbach became Peter II and Anna's, Peter II's cousin, tutor.^[4] Peter II moved the Russian court from St. Petersburg to Moscow in 1729, so Goldbach followed him to Moscow.^[2]^[4] Goldbach started a correspondence with Euler in 1729, in which some of Goldbach's most important mathematics contributions can be found.^[2]^[5] Upon Peter II's death in 1730, Goldbach stopped teaching but continued to assist Empress Anna.^[4] In 1732, Goldbach returned to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and stayed in the Russian government when Anna moved the court back to St. Petersburg.^[2]^[4] Upon return to the academy, Goldbach was named corresponding secretary.^[3] With Goldbach's return, his friend Euler continued his teaching and research at the academy as well.^[3] Then, in 1737, Goldbach and J.D. Schumacher took over the administration of the academy.^[4] Also, Goldbach took on duty in Russian court under Empress Anna.^[2]^[4] He managed to retain his influence in court after the death of Anna and the rule of Empress Elizabeth.^[2] In 1742 he entered the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, stepping away from the academy once more.^[4] Goldbach was gifted land and increased salary for his good work and rise in the Russian government.^[2] In 1760, Goldbach created new guidelines for the education of the royal children which would remain in place for 100 years.^[2]^[4] He died on 20 November 1764, aged 74, in Moscow.

Christian Goldbach was multilingual – he wrote a diary in German and Latin, his letters were written in German, Latin, French, and Italian and for official documents he used Russian, German and Latin.^[7]

Contributions

Goldbach is most noted for his correspondence with Leibniz, Euler, and Bernoulli, especially in his 1742 letter to Euler stating his Goldbach's conjecture. He also studied and proved some theorems on perfect powers, such as the Goldbach–Euler theorem, and made several notable contributions to analysis.^[1] He also proved a result concerning Fermat numbers that is called Goldbach's theorem.

Impact on Euler

It is Goldbach and Euler's correspondence that contains some of Goldbach's most important contributions to mathematics, specifically number theory.^[2] Goldbach and Euler's friendship survived Goldbach's move to Moscow in 1728 and communication ensued.^[3] Their correspondence spanned 196 letters over 35 years written in Latin, German, and French.^[6] These letters spanned a wide range of topics, including various mathematics topics.^[2] Goldbach was the leading influence on Euler's interest and work in number theory.^[3] Most of the letters discuss Euler's research in number theory as well as differential calculus.^[3] Until the late 1750s, Euler's correspondence on his number theory research was almost exclusively with Goldbach.^[3]

Goldbach's earlier mathematical work and ideas in letters to Euler directly influenced some of Euler's work. In 1729, Euler solved two problems pertaining to sequences which had stumped Goldbach.^[3] Ensuingly, Euler outlined the solutions to Goldbach.^[3] Also, in 1729 Goldbach closely approximated the Basel problem, which prompted Euler's interest and concurring breakthrough solution.^[3] Goldbach, through his letters, kept Euler focused on number theory in the 1730s by discussing Fermat's conjecture with Euler.^[3] Euler subsequently offered a proof to the conjecture, crediting Goldbach with introducing him to the subfield.^[3] Euler proceeded to write 560 writings, published posthumously in four volumes of Opera omnia, with Goldbach's influence guiding some of the writings.^[3] Goldbach's famous conjecture and his writings with Euler prove him to be one of a handful of mathematicians who understood complex number theory in light of Fermat's revolutionary ideas on the topic.^[8]

Works

(1729) De transformatione serierum
(1732) De terminis generalibus serierum

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Rosen, Kenneth H. (2004). Elementary Number Theory, Fifth Edition. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-321-23707-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ "Christian Goldbach - Biography". Maths History. Retrieved 2022-10-11.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Calinger, Ronald C (2015). Leonhard Euler: Mathematical Genius in the Enlightenment. Princeton University Press. pp. 50–51, 66–80, 328–345. ISBN 978-0691119274.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ "Christian Goldbach". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 16 August 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c Aliprandini, Michael (2017-01-08). "Christian Goldbach". Great Tech Publishing: 1–2 – via EBSCO.
^ ^a ^b ^c Haas, Robert (2014-02-01). "Goldbach, Hurwitz, and the Infinitude of Primes: Weaving a Proof across the Centuries*". The Mathematical Intelligencer. 36 (1): 54–60. doi:10.1007/s00283-013-9402-8. ISSN 1866-7414. S2CID 253817631.
^ Adolf Juskevic, Judith Kopelevic: Christian Goldbach 1690-1764 (Vita Mathematica), Birkhäuser Publishing House, 1994, ISBN 3764326786, pg. XII.
^ "Goldbach, Christian". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Charles Scribner's Sons. 2008. pp. 448–451. Retrieved 2022-10-20 – via Gale In Context: U.S. History.