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	Yangwei under construction in Newcastle Upon Tyne
History
Imperial China
Name	Yangwei
Ordered	1879
Builder	Charles Mitchell & Company, Newcastle Upon Tyne
Laid down	15 January 1880
Launched	29 January 1881
Completed	15 July 1881
Commissioned	22 November 1881
Fate	Sank 18 September 1894
General characteristics
Class and type	Tsukushi-class cruiser
Displacement	1,350 long tons (1,370 t)
Length	220 ft (67 m)
Beam	32 ft (9.8 m)
Draught	15.5 ft (4.7 m)
Installed power	2,580 indicated horsepower (1,920 kilowatts)
Propulsion	Reciprocating engine, two shafts; Six boilers;
Speed	16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph)
Boats & landing ; craft carried	2 x Pinnaces
Complement	140
Armament	2 × Armstrong 254 mm (10.0 in) cannons; 4 × Armstrong 120 mm (4.7 in) cannons; 2 × twin Armstrong 9-pounders; 4 × 11 mm Gatling guns; 4 × 37 mm Hotchkiss guns; 2 × 4-barreled Nordenfelt guns;

Yangwei (Chinese: 揚威; pinyin: Yangwei; Wade–Giles: Yang-wei; lit. 'Show of Force') was a cruiser built for the Imperial Chinese Navy. She was built by Charles Mitchell & Company in Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, from a design by Sir George Wightwick Rendel which had already been used on the Chilean Navy vessel Arturo Prat (later the Imperial Japanese Navy's Tsukushi). Two ships were ordered by the Chinese, the Yangwei and the Chaoyong. Both would serve together throughout their careers, assigned to the Beiyang Fleet and based in Taku during the summer, and Chemulpo, Korea, in the winter.

Yangwei did not see any action during the Sino-French War, but in the First Sino-Japanese War, she was in the Chinese line at the Battle of Yalu River on 17 September 1894. She was set alight by combined fire from the Japanese fleet, and drifted south out of the battle until running aground on a reef. She was subsequently destroyed by a spar torpedo from a boat of the Japanese cruiser Chiyoda.

Design

The design for Yangwei was advertised by its designer, British naval architect Sir George Wightwick Rendel, as an example of a low-cost cruiser able to withstand larger ironclad warships. The design was later seen as an intermediate concept between his flat-iron gunboats and the protected cruiser.^[1] In theory, the ship would rely on its small size and higher speed, along with a higher muzzle velocity main battery to attack larger,^[2]^[3] less maneuverable ships.^[4]

Yangwei's basic design was initially used on the Chilean Navy vessel Arturo Prat, which preceded it in construction, although several changes were made, including increasing the number of steam boilers from four to six. Both Yangwei and her sister ship, the Chaoyong shared the same design, and were built by British shipbuilder Charles Mitchell on the River Tyne near Newcastle Upon Tyne. Mitchell had worked alongside Rendel, and was building Arturo Prat. Yangwei measured 220 feet (67 m) long overall, with a beam of 32 ft (9.8 m) and an average draft of 15.5 ft (4.7 m). The ships were manned by 140 crew.^[5] The most significant difference between the two ships was the power output of their reciprocating engines; while Yangwei had an output of 2,580 indicated horsepower (1,920 kilowatts), Chaoyong's engine supplied 2,677 ihp (1,996 kW). This meant that while Yangwei could achieve a speed of 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph), the Chaoyong could go faster at 16.8 kn (31.1 km/h; 19.3 mph).^[6]

They both were constructed out of 0.75 inches (1.9 cm) steel with waterproof bulkhead 3.5 ft (1.1 m) below the waterline, a single smokestack, and twin masts, which could also be used for sails. The prow was reinforced for ramming. They had a number of technical innovations, including hydraulic steering systems and electrical incandescent light fixtures. The main armaments were breech-loading Armstrong 254 mm (10.0 in) cannons, one on the bow and one on the stern, mounted in stationary gun shields. These shields were added for weather proofing reasons, but restricted the angle of fire that could be taken, as well as the elevation they could fire at. Yangwei also had four 5.1 inches (130 mm) inch guns, (two to each side), two 57 mm (2.2 in) long guns, four 11 mm (0.43 in) Gatling guns, four 37 mm (1.5 in) Hotchkiss guns, two 4-barrelled Nordenfeldt guns, as well as two torpedo tubes.^[7] Both ships were equipped with two pinnaces, which were each armed with spar torpedoes.^[8]

Career

Chinese diplomat Li Hongzhang was made aware of Rendel's designs, and following the start of the construction on Arturo Prat, an order was placed on behalf of the Imperial Chinese Navy for two ships of the same type. Yangwei was laid down on 15 January 1880, and launched on 29 January 1881. Yangwei was subsequently worked up, and was announced as completed on 14 July that year. They were completed ahead of Arturo Prat,^[5] who instead would enter service as the Imperial Japanese Navy's Tsukushi after Chile cancelled the order following the end of the War of the Pacific.^[1]

Commanded by American soldier of fortune Captain Philo Norton McGiffin^[9] and his British chief engineer Purvis^[10] the two Chinese manned cruisers sailed out of the Tyne River on 9 August, and stopped in Plymouth Sound two days later where Admiral Ding Ruchang joined them to take command of the ships for the journey to China.^[5] Following their arrival on 20 October in Hong Kong,^[11] they toured Canton (now Guangzhou) and Shanghai, before travelling to the Taku Forts. Chaoyong was boarded by Hongzhang, and the two cruisers took the diplomat to inspect the dredging of the port at Taku (now the Port of Tianjin). Both ships were assigned to the Beiyang Fleet in the north, and Ruchang was placed in command.^[6]

On 23 June 1884, Yangwei was present alongside Chaoyong, as well as the corvette Yangwu and the sloop Kangji, when the Chinese vessels met their French Navy counterparts. The French ships dwarfed their Chinese counterparts, and following a discussion between the leaders of each fleet, the French put on a firing demonstration. Afterwards, the Chinese fleet broke up with Yang-Wu headed to Fuzhou, and the two cruisers sailed back to Taku.^[12] The Sino-French War broke out shortly afterwards,^[13] although Yangwei saw no action,^[12] there was speculation that the two cruisers might be sent to break the French blockade of Formosa (Taiwan).^[14] She and Chaoyong were sent south to Shanghai in November, but were then brought back north after concerns were raised about growing Japanese influences in Korea.^[15]

Battle of Yalu River

Following the war, Chaoyong and Yangwei continued to operate together. They operated out of Taku, but since the water froze over during winter, they would spend that part of the year in the Korean port of Chemulpo (now Incheon).^[16] During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Yangwei remained with the fleet and was supporting troop transports when they made contact with a Japanese fleet on the morning of 17 September.^[17]

As the Japanese fleet moved in, the Chinese fleet moved away from anchor and attempted for form up in a line. However, the manoeuvre was botched and Yangwei was one of four ships which ended up behind the others.^[17] This was due to a lack of maintenance over the years; with their equipment out of date they could barely make 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph). Orders had been given for the ships to operate in pairs, with Yangwei and Chaoyong teamed together. This battle plan was alien to the premise of their design, inherent in the lack of armour for ships about to fight in the line of battle.^[18]

At a distance of 3,000 yd (2,700 m), the Japanese fleet targeted the Chaoyong and Yangwei. Within a few minutes, fires broke out on both ships, which quickly engulfed the central superstructures with its numerous wooden partitions covered with thick layers of flammable varnish applied over the years. Yangwei fought no more, and eventually beached on a reef several miles south with the loss of the majority of her crew.^[18]^[19] The morning following the battle, she was destroyed by a spar torpedo from a boat of the Japanese cruiser Chiyoda.^[18]^[20] The Japanese fleet had kept their distance, only sending in their smaller boats to investigate, fearing a counterattack by the Chinese using torpedoes.^[20]

Notes

^ ^a ^b Chesneau & Kolesnik 1979, p. 233.
^ Friedman 2012, p. 150.
^ "Hostilities in China". Sydney Morning Herald. 12 January 1885. p. 5. Retrieved 13 December 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ van de Ven 2014, p. 110.
^ ^a ^b ^c Wright 2000, p. 47.
^ ^a ^b Wright 2000, p. 48.
^ Wright 2000, p. 49.
^ Wright 2000, p. 181.
^ Andrade (2016) p. 287-290
^ McGiffin (1968) p. 91, 93, 96
^ The Desk Hong List 1884, p. 173.
^ ^a ^b Wright 2000, pp. 60–61.
^ Wright 2000, pp. 62–63.
^ "The Chinese Navy". The Examiner. 31 January 1885. p. 1. Retrieved 11 December 2016 – via Trove.
^ Wright 2000, p. 64.
^ Wright 2000, p. 81.
^ ^a ^b Wright 2000, p. 90.
^ ^a ^b ^c Wright 2000, p. 91.
^ "The Fight off the Yaloo River". Sydney Morning Herald. 26 October 1894. p. 5. Retrieved 11 December 2016 – via Trove.
^ ^a ^b Jacques 1898, p. 479.

References

Andrade, Tonio (2016). The Gunpowder Age, China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History. Princeton, New Jersey, USA and Oxfordshire, United Kingdom: Princeton University Press/Princeton and Oxford.
The Desk Hong List. Shanghai: North China Herald. 1884.
Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.
Friedman, Norman (2012). British Cruisers of the Victorian Era. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-068-9.
McGiffin, Lee (1968). Yankee of the Yalu, Philo Norton McGiffin, American Captain in the Chinese Navy (1885-1895). New York: E.P. Dutton & Co.
Jacques, William H. (1898). "Torpedo Boats in Modern Warfare". Cassier's Magazine. 14. London: Cassier Magazine Company.
van de Ven, Hans (2014). Breaking with the Past: The Maritime Customs Service and the Global Origins of Modernity in China. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51052-3.
Wright, Richard N.J. (2000). The Chinese Steam Navy. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-144-6.