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Cher Ami
Cher Ami
	The stuffed body of Cher Ami on display at the Smithsonian Institution
Born	1918
Died	June 13, 1919 (aged 1); Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, U.S.
Place of display	Smithsonian Institution
Allegiance	United States
Service / branch	United States Army
Years of service	1918
Unit	77th Division
Battles / wars	World War I
Awards	Croix de Guerre; Animals in War & Peace Medal of Bravery;
Other work	Department of Service mascot

Cher Ami (French for "dear friend", in the masculine) was a male^[a] homing pigeon known for his military service during World War I, especially the Meuse-Argonne offensive in October 1918. He is famous for delivering a message alerting American forces to the location of the Lost Battalion, despite sustaining severe injuries.^[2]

Background and early life

Homing pigeons have been used for millennia to carry messages due to their innate ability to navigate home. They were used extensively as messengers during World War I, with France, Germany, and the United Kingdom having established pigeon messenger services before World War I broke out.^[3]

At the request of General John Pershing, the U.S. Army Signal Corps' Pigeon Service was established in November 1917.^[4] Cher Ami was one of 600 English-bred birds donated to the Pigeon Service on May 20, 1918.

It is unknown exactly when Cher Ami hatched, though it was likely in late March or early April of 1918. Cher Ami's identification band is stamped with "NURP 18 EAD 615," meaning he was a "National Union Racing Pigeon" and born in 1918. EAD refers to the registered breeder's loft, and may suggest he hatched at the loft of E. A. Davidson in Norfolk, England.^[5]

World War I service

After arriving at the Pigeon Service's headquarters, Cher Ami was one of 60 pigeons assigned to Mobile Loft No. 11. On September 21, the loft was relocated to Rampont, France in preparation for the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. The birds of Mobile Loft No. 11 supported the 77th Infantry Division into and through the Argonne Forest.^[5]

On October 4, 1918,^[6] Major Charles White Whittlesey and more than 550 men were trapped in a small depression on the side of the hill behind enemy lines without food or ammunition. They were also beginning to receive friendly fire from allied troops who did not know their location. Surrounded by the Germans, many were killed and wounded and only 194 men were still alive and not captured or wounded by the end of the engagement. Because his runners were consistently intercepted or killed by the Germans, Whittlesey began dispatching messages by pigeon.^[7] The pigeon carrying the first message, "Many wounded. We cannot evacuate." was shot down. A second bird was sent with the message, "Men are suffering. Can support be sent?" That pigeon also was shot down. The artillery batteries supporting Whittlesey's men attempted to provide a "barrage of protection" for Whittlesey's men on the northern slope of the Charlevaux Ravine, but believed Whittlesey was on the southern slope of the ravine, resulting in a barrage inadvertently targeting the battalion.^[8] "Cher Ami" was dispatched with a note, written on onion paper, in a canister on his right leg,

We are along the road paralell [sic] to 276.4. Our own artillery is dropping a barrage directly on us. For heavens sake stop it.

As Cher Ami tried to fly back home, the Germans saw him rising out of the brush and opened fire.^[9] After several seconds, he was shot down but managed to take flight again. He arrived back at his loft at division headquarters 25 miles (40 km) to the rear in just 25 minutes, about 5 minutes after the shelling had ceased.^[10] He had been shot through the breast, blinded in one eye, and had a leg hanging only by a tendon.

Cher Ami became the hero of the 77th Infantry Division. Army medics worked to save his life. When he recovered enough to travel, the now one-legged bird was put on a boat to the United States, with General John J. Pershing seeing him off.

Awards

The pigeon was awarded the Croix de Guerre Medal with a palm Oak Leaf Cluster for his heroic service in delivering 12 important messages in Verdun. He died at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, on June 13, 1919, from the wounds he received in battle and was later inducted into the Racing Pigeon Hall of Fame in 1931. He also received a gold medal from the Organized Bodies of American Racing Pigeon Fanciers in recognition of his service during World War I.^[11]

In November 2019, he became one of the first recipients of the Animals in War & Peace Medal of Bravery, bestowed on him posthumously at a ceremony on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C.^[12]

Legacy

To American school children of the 1920s and 1930s, Cher Ami was as well known as any human World War I hero. Cher Ami's body was later mounted by taxidermist Nelson R. Wood at the National Museum of Natural History. When the Smithsonian requested information about Cher Ami, the Signal Corps reported they could not find any war record of Cher Ami being the pigeon "which carried the message from The Lost Battalion." Listing the known details of the bird, the Army, without explanation, described Cher Ami as "he" and the Smithsonian's label reflected the bird's sex as a cock bird. In 2021, the National Museum of American History, together with the National Museum of Natural History and the Smithsonian's National Zoo, had DNA samples from Cher Ami analyzed which concluded the bird is a cock bird.^[1] Since 1921, Cher Ami has been on display at the Smithsonian Institution. He is on display with Sergeant Stubby, the (presumed) Boston Terrier mascot of the US Army's 102nd Infantry, in the National Museum of American History's "Price of Freedom" exhibit.^[13]

In popular culture

Books, essays, and short stories

"Notre Cher Ami: The Enduring Myth and Memory of a Humble Pigeon," an academic article by Frank A. Blazich Jr. in The Journal of Military History
Cher Ami and Major Whittlesey, a novel by Kathleen Rooney
Cher Ami: The Story of a Carrier Pigeon, a children's book by Marion Cothren, published in 1934
"Cher Ami", a poem by Harry Webb Farrington
Dear Miss Kopp by Amy Stewart, the sixth book in the Kopp Sisters series, features a fictionalized account of Cher Ami's exploits
Finding the Lost Battalion - Beyond the Rumors, Myths and Legends of America's Famous WWI Epic by Robert J. Laplander
"Cher Ami" a short story by Heather Rounds
"Viva Cuba Pigeon" a short story by Susannah Rodríguez Drissi
The Ruby Notebook by Laura Resau
"War Pigs", an essay in the collection Animals Strike Curious Poses by Elena Passarello

Film and TV

The Lost Battalion (1919 film), a 1919 silent film, includes the living Cher Ami hopping on one leg. This film also includes many of the soldiers playing themselves, including Lt. Col. Charles Whittlesey. The entire film is available on YouTube.
Cher Ami, a 2008 Spanish film directed by Miquel Pujol and produced by Accio Studios, also known as Flying Heroes or The Aviators.^[14]
Flying Home, 2014 a romantic drama film, starring Jamie Dornan features the story of Cher Ami's heroic feat.
Cher Ami is mentioned in season 3, episode 11 of White Collar, first aired 2011.
The Lost Battalion, a 2001 war film about the Meuse-Argonne Offensive of 1918, depicting Cher Ami being sent off with the important message.
A reference to Cher Ami is made by Bobby Glass in the 8th episode of 2024 Netflix series called The Gentlemen by Guy Ritchie.

Notes

^ On May 10, 2021, Doctors Carla Dove and Robert Fleischer took samples of the preserved body of Cher Ami and sent them for DNA analysis. On June 30, 2021, results confirmed that Cher Ami was a cock (male).^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b Blazich, Frank (2021-07-15). "He? She? Or just plain Cher Ami? Solving a century-old pigeon mystery". National Museum of American History. Archived from the original on 2021-07-15. Retrieved 2021-07-16.
^ "Cher Ami "Dear Friend" WWI". Flickr. 25 September 2006. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
^ Snyders, Hendrik (2015). "'More Than Just Human Heroes' the Role of the Pigeon in the First World War". Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies. 43 (2): 133–150. doi:10.5787/43-2-1127.
^ Thompson, Susan (2024-08-20). "Animals in War and Peace: Signal Corps pigeon recognition". www.army.mil. Retrieved 2024-09-22.
^ ^a ^b Institution, Smithsonian. "Cher Ami". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2024-09-22.
^ Institution, Smithsonian. "Cher Ami". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2024-09-05.
^ "The 'Stop It' Telegram". www.lettersofnote.com. 25 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
^ "Myths and Legends". The US WWI Centennial Commission. Archived from the original on 2019-01-26. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
^ Jim Greelis. "Pigeons in Military History". World of Wings. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
^ George, Alice (November 8, 2023). "Cher Ami, the Iconic World War I Carrier Pigeon, Makes His Debut at Carnegie Hall". The Smithsonian. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
^ National Pigeon Day (29 March 2008). "History of Cher Ami". Retrieved 2011-03-31.
^ The Washington Post, "New animal bravery medal honors heroic dogs, pigeons and horse," Nov. 18 2019 [1]
^ "Cher Ami - World War I Carrier Pigeon". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2008-11-26.
^ "Cher ami: The Movie". Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2013.