According to the dictionary of Mahmud al-Kashgari, their name, Bulaq, means "broad-backed horse"[1]
Károly Czeglédy and Lajos Ligeti deciphered the ethnonym from the Chinese sources (Old Chinesemiə̯u-lâkMiddle Chinesebu-lâk>Arabicbulaq) as mou-lo 謀落 or mou-la 謀剌. Omeljan Pritsak came to the same conclusion without referring to the previous scholar's works.[2][3][4] As already Gyula Németh noted, the mi̯əu-lôk[5] or miə̯u-lâk ~ bulaq is etymologically related to the colour of horses which was a usual tribal designation on the steppe.[2][6]
Dezső Pais states that the name originates from the Turkic balxu, (bal ("slice")+-ku or -xu suffix) meaning "branch" or "part". This was adopted by the Slavs as blach (singular) and blasi (plural).[7] Turkologist László Rásonyi dismisses this claim and notes that Bulaq meant "white-piebald" horse in some Turkic languages and in Mongolian, while in Chagatai, "white-legged horse".[1][8]
History
The people formed in the Lop Nor region, from where they migrated away around year zero due to desertification.[9] The Chinese and Arab manuscripts mentioned the tribal names of the Karluks. According to the Chinese sources, the Bulaqs were one of the three core tribes of the Karluk confederation who lived in the Altai Mountains and were among the Western Turkic troops who were defeated in the Tang campaigns against the Western Turks in 650.[2][5][10] In 657 CE, the Tang dynasty set up a Yinshan dudufu (district/prefecture; Yinshan mean "the dark mountain", Ildikó Ecsedy considers northern slopes of Tarbagatai Mountains[2]) for the Bulaqs. The other two tribes also received separate prefectures with their chiefs appointed as governors.[11][12] Between 690s and 718 the three tribes allied themselves with the Göktürks (Second Turkic Khaganate) or Tang dynasty, while in 718 were conquered by Bilge Khagan and the Tang-aligned chiefs were replaced. Between mid-6th and mid-7th century the Karluk tribes migrated between Mongolian plateau, Altai, and regions south and west, depending on the political-diplomatic orientations of the Karluk yabgu. By 766 they were in possession of the cities of Suyab and Talas (in Arabic record: T. w. l. s., in Chinese: To-lo-se[6]) around which formed Karluk yabghu (756–940) and Kara-Khanid Khanate (840–1212).[5][10]
The later Arabic sources, like Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi depicted a union of nine tribes, including the Bulaq (bdw, bwâwî), Hudud al-'Alam noted that the blâq were one of the Yagma constituent components, "mixed with the Toquz Oghuz", while Al-Kashgari in his 11th century work Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk among the listed Turkic tribes mentioned Bulaq and Elke/Älkä Bulaq.[5][13] According to him, the Bulaqs became captives of the Kipchaks, but later regained their independence and thus came to be called with the former name.[14][15] According to Rásonyi the name should be spelled as Ärkä Bulaq.[1]
According to the accounts of William of Rubruck and Roger Bacon, during the Huns migration to Europe "also came the Blacs, the Bulgars and the Vandals. For from that Greater Bulgaria come the Bulgars, who are beyond the Danube near Constantinople. And near the land of Pascatir (Magna Hungaria i.e. somewhere around the Ural Mountains and the Volga River from where came the Huns) are the Iliac (Blachi from greater Blachia, from which came the Blachi in the land Assani between Constantinople and Bulgaria and lesser Hungary[19]), which is the same word as Blac but the Tatars do not know how to pronounce (the letter) B, and from them come those who are in the land of Assan. They call both of them Iliac, the former and the latter".[19][20]
The remark by Simon of Kéza from his work Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum about the Székelys living in the mountains which they shared with the Vlachs, where mingled with them, and adopted their alphabet,[21] sparked a controversy about the Old Hungarian script (Rovás), while other scholars noticed that Simon did distinguish between Ulahis[22] (Vlachs) and Blackis and identified the Blacki people with the Bulaqs.[1][23] Moreover, the Old Hungarian script is deemed as related to the Old Turkic script by linguists.[24]Johannes de Thurocz, in his work Chronica Hungarorum called the alphabet of the Székelys "Scythian letters".[25] Prominent Hungarian linguist, Gyula Németh notes in his work A magyar rovásírás that the writings found in the Talas river valley show close similarity.[26]
A diploma of King Andrew II and a letter of Pope Innocent III, both written in 1222, mention the "land of the Blacs" (Terra Blacorum) between the Olt and the Carpathians. In 1223, another diploma of the king "exempts from the Blacs" (exempta de Blaccis) and gifts part of this land to the Order of the Cictercians.[24][27][28] The document provides details of the territory, no toponyms mentioned originate from the Romanian language.[24]Snorri Sturluson, medieval Icelandic historian, writing about the campaign of Alexios I Komnenos against the Pechenegs, mentioned Blokumannaland in 1122. Pritsak identifies this people with the Cumans,[29] while Ervin Láczay believes that Sturluson referred to the "forest of the Blacs and Pechenegs" (silvam Blacorum et Bissenorum), to which the Transylvanian Saxons were given access in 1224.[24][27] On a Varangian runestone in Gotland, the Blakumen (people) is mentioned.[24]
The first historian to distinguish them was László Réthy (Anonymus az erdélyi oláhokról, 1880). After analyzing dozens of medieval records of Vlachs, (e.g. Anna Komnene who wrote nomadibus, quos Vlachos vulgari lingua vocare solen, "nomads whom common people call Vlachs") he concludes that the Vlach ethonym was used to designate not just the Romanians, but all transhumance populations, including the Bulgarians who he connects Anonymus' blachii and Nestor's Влахом to.[30][31]Géza Nagy continues his theory, saying that the possible early name of the Bulgarians, alogo ("great", see Alogobotur), was confused by documenters.[32] French sinologistPaul Pelliot also tried to prove that the Illac and Lac recorded by Marco Polo, William of Rubruck and Roger Bacon aren't identical with the Ulac (Vlach).[33]
Anonymus writes about the Blacs "the inhabitants of the land, seeing the death of their lord, giving the right hand of their own free will chose to themselves as lord Tuhutum, father of Horca, and in that place which is called Esculeu, they confirmed their pledge with an oath...".[34] This conforms the Turkic custom, but would've been impossible for the Vlachs.[1]
The archaeological finds confirm the analysis of Transylvanian river names, the Hungarians who settled in Transylvania during the 10th century encountered with a small Turkic group in the southeast, near Küküllő and Olt rivers.[35] László Rásonyi, after protractedly analyzing Transylvanian toponyms and personal names, found the linguistic evidence to prove Bulaq presence there sufficient.[1]
Anonymus mentions the Blacs and Bulgars with a conjunction (Bulgarii et Blachii), indicating that they are relatives. The Bulaqs and Bulgars are both Turkic peoples.[36]
György Bodor says that diplomas verify that in 1225 the Transylvanian Bulaqs, along with many other border guarding peoples were annexed by the Székely seats and assimilated.[37]
György Györffy wrote in his work Az Árpád-kori Magyarország Történeti Földrajza. Vol. II. that "regarding the Blak ethnicity, Mongol sources can be brought up to testify that they talk about the Turkic Blak, Ulaq element".[38]
Criticism
According to Romanian historian Victor Spinei, beside the etymological and historical differences between the terms Blaci and Bulaqs, there is not a single historical or archaeological indication for a possible Bulaqs migration towards the Carpathian-Balkan area. Also, it is impossible to explain how such insignificant population was unassimilated for several centuries far from the place of origin.[39] László Makkai wrote that although "there has been some speculation that Anonymus' Blaks were the Turkic people who are mentioned in medieval sources as bearing the same name and living east of the Carpathians, but this hypothesis does not bear the test of scholarly scrutiny".[40] István Vásáry noted that Rásonyi tried to prove the Blaci of Transylvania were not the Vlachs, but Turkic people Bulaqs who were confused with the Vlachs. He said that "in the case of the term Blaci, we cannot but conclude that it was used to designate the Vlakhs".[41]
^ abcdIldikó, Ecsedy (1980). "A contribution to the history of Karluks in the T'ang period". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 34 (1/3). Akadémiai Kiadó: 23–37. JSTOR23682119.
^Pritsak, Omeljan (1951). "Von den Karluk zu den Karachaniden". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. 101 (26). Harrassowitz Verlag: 270–300. JSTOR43368801.
^Ligeti, Lajos (1949). Pais, Dezső (ed.). "Egy karluk törzs neve kínai átírásban" [The name of a Karluk tribe in Chinese transcription] (PDF). Magyar Nyelv. XLV.
^Faragó, Imre (2017). Térképészeti földrajz [Cartographic geography] (PDF). Vol. III. Budapest: Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem Informatikai Kar. p. 137.
^ abMakkai, László (2001). "Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896-1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Makkai, László; Mócsy, András; Szász, Zoltán (eds.). History of Transylvania. Vol. From the Beginnings to 1606. Translated by Kovrig, Bennett; Szaffkó, Péter. New Jersey: Atlantic Research and Publications, Inc. ISBN0-88033-479-7.
^Makkai, László (2001). "Toponymy and Chronology". History of Transylvania Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606 - III. Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526) - 1. Transylvania'a Indigenous Population at the Time of the Hungarian Conquest. New York: Columbia University Press, (The Hungarian original by Institute of History Of The Hungarian Academy of Sciences). ISBN0-88033-479-7.
1 Central Asian (i.e. Turkmeni, Afghani and Iranian) Turkmens, distinct from Levantine (i.e. Iraqi and Syrian) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity.
2 In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former Ottoman territories).
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Léon. León Santiago de los Caballeros de León Héraldique Panorama de la ville depuis le toit de la Cathédrale. Administration Pays Nicaragua Département León Maire Róger Gurdián Vigil Démographie Gentilé Leonés, Leonesa Population 211 278 hab. (2020) Densité 357 hab./km2 Géographie Coordonnées 12° 26′ 00″ nord, 86° 53′ 12″ ouest Altitude 109 m Superficie 59 107 ha =...
Biological surveying event This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Base camp at a BioBlitz in Auckland, New Zealand A BioBlitz, also written without capitals as bioblitz, is an intense period of biological surveying in an attempt ...
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع كلايد (توضيح). كلايد الإحداثيات 43°05′03″N 76°52′13″W / 43.0842°N 76.8703°W / 43.0842; -76.8703 [1] تاريخ التأسيس 1835 تقسيم إداري البلد الولايات المتحدة[2] التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة وين خصائص جغرافية المساحة 5.846388 كيلومتر مربع5.84...
A member of the Stockbridge Militia. Abraham Nimham (1745 – August 31, 1778) was an American man who was the son of warrior and emissary Daniel Nimham and a leader of the Wappinger tribe. During the Revolutionary War, he served with his father in the Stockbridge Militia, often accompanying him on diplomatic and recruiting missions. Nimham was commissioned a captain, and was given command of a detachment of sixty Stockbridge and River Indian soldiers. On April 28, 1778, Nimham and his father...
Football in HondurasOlimpia fans during a matchCountryHondurasGoverning bodyNational Autonomous Federation of Football of HondurasNational team(s)Men's national team; Women's national teamFirst played1962National competitions Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional de HondurasClub competitions Honduran CupInternational competitions CONCACAF Champions CupCONCACAF Central American CupFIFA Club World CupCONCACAF Gold Cup (National Team)CONCACAF Nations League (National Team)FIFA World Cup (Nationa...
العلاقات الأرجنتينية الهندية الأرجنتين الهند الأرجنتين الهند تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات الأرجنتينية الهندية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين الأرجنتين والهند.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه ال...
Severe winter storm in North America Groundhog Day gale of 1976Surface analysis of the storm as it moved through New England[1] TypeExtratropical cycloneNor'easterBlizzardWinter stormFormedFebruary 1, 1976DissipatedFebruary 5, 1976 Lowest pressure957 mb (28.26 inHg) Maximum snowfallor ice accretion56 inches (140 cm) Damage$22 million (Mostly in Canada)Areas affectedNew England and Atlantic Canada The Groundhog Day gale was a severe winter storm that hit the Northea...
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Villada – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Municipality in Castile and León, SpainVilladamunicipality SealCountry SpainAutonomous community Castile and LeónProvince PalenciaArea ...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Belew Prints: The Acoustic Adrian Belew, Vol. 2 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1998 studio album by Adrian BelewBelewprintsStudio album by Adrian BelewReleased1998RecordedDecember...
أخي الدبBrother Bear (بالإنجليزية) الشعارمعلومات عامةالتصنيف فيلم رسوم متحركة الصنف الفني القائمة ... فيلم فنتازيا[1][2] — فيلم رفقاء — فيلم للأطفال — قصة تقدم في العمر — فيلم كوميدي — فيلم دراما — فيلم عائلي — فيلم رسوم متحركة تحريكًا تقليديًّا — حكاية خرافية سينما�...
Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando il pittore, vedi Jean-Baptiste Oudry. OudrycomuneOudry – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Francia Regione Borgogna-Franca Contea Dipartimento Saona e Loira ArrondissementCharolles CantoneCharolles TerritorioCoordinate46°34′N 4°09′E46°34′N, 4°09′E (Oudry) Superficie20,32 km² Abitanti385[1] (2009) Densità18,95 ab./km² Altre informazioniCod. postale71420 Fuso orarioUTC+1 Codice INSEE71334 CartografiaOudry Modifica dati ...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Geography of Nunavut – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Canadian territory of Nunavut covers about 1.9 million square kilometres (733,594 sq. miles) of land and water including part of the ...
English RL coach & former GB international rugby league footballer Mark AstonPersonal informationFull nameMark AstonBorn (1967-09-27) 27 September 1967 (age 56)Castleford, West Riding of Yorkshire, EnglandPlaying informationHeight5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)PositionScrum-half Club Years Team Pld T G FG P 1986–94 Sheffield Eagles 228+4 40 588 34 1370 1987–88 → Bramley (loan) 2 0 0 0 0 1994–95 Featherstone Rovers 34+1 6 85 2 196 1995–03 Sheffield Eagles Total 269 46...
اللغات الرسمية في الأمم المتحدة هي اللغات الست التي تُستعمل في اجتماعات الأمم المتحدة وتُكتب بها جميع الوثائق الرسمية للأمم المتحدة.[1][2][3] وهي: العربية والإسبانية والإنجليزية والروسية والصينية والفرنسية، أي اللغات الأربع التابعة للأعضاء الخمسة الدائمين في م...
سيرجي أفدييف معلومات شخصية الميلاد 1 يناير 1956 (العمر 68 سنة)تشاباييفسك مواطنة روسيا الاتحاد السوفيتي الحياة العملية المدرسة الأم الجامعة الوطنية للبحوث النووية (–1979) المهنة مهندس، ورائد فضاء الحزب الحزب الشيوعي السوفيتي اللغة الأم الروسية اللغات الروس...
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: 2004 United States House of Representatives elections in New Mexico – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2021) 2004 United States House of Representatives elections in New Mexico ← 2002 November 2, 2004 2006 →...
See also: Timeline of Moncton history and List of entertainment events in Greater Moncton This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: History of Moncton – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Moncton's location in New Brunswick The histo...
Iranian weightlifter (1939–2019) Parviz JalayerPersonal informationBorn(1939-10-06)6 October 1939Tehran, Iran[1]Died6 July 2019(2019-07-06) (aged 79)Height170 cm (5 ft 7 in)SportSportWeightliftingCoached byHenrik Tamraz[2] Medal record Representing Iran Olympic Games 1968 Mexico City 67.5 kg World Championships 1966 East Berlin 67.5 kg Asian Games 1966 Bangkok 67.5 kg Parviz Jalayer (Persian: پرویز جلایر, 6 October 1939 – 6 July 2019[...