Boss Fight Books

Boss Fight Books
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
GenreNon-fiction
PublisherBoss Fight Books
PublishedJanuary 2014–present
Media typePrint (paperback)
e-book
audiobook

Boss Fight Books is a Los Angeles-based book publisher and its eponymous series of books about video games. Similar to the style of 33⅓, a series of books about individual record albums, each book focuses solely on one video game. The company was founded by Gabe Durham in June 2013, and following a successful Kickstarter campaign in July, they released their first book, EarthBound by Ken Baumann in January 2014.[1]

The idea for the series came when Durham was reading Jeff Ryan's Super Mario: How Nintendo Conquered America,[2] as Durham wished that the book would slow down and provide more depth to the games it covered. After finding there was no equivalent of 33⅓ for video games, Durham pitched the idea of the series to his friend, Ken Baumann, who agreed to write the first book and serve as the series' designer.[3][4]

After securing agreements with authors for the first five books, Durham turned to Kickstarter, seeking $5,000 in funding, a target that was met within eight hours. At the close of the campaign in July 2013, Boss Fight Books had raised $45,429, allowing the project to proceed. As part of the crowdfunding campaign, backers got to vote on the subject of a sixth book, and Chrono Trigger, which had been considered but not included in the first five, was chosen.[3][5] Boss Fight Books returned to Kickstarter to fund a second season consisting of a further six books; it too was successful, raising $53,186 in November 2014. Like the first campaign, backers got to vote on the subject of one of the books; they chose Shadow of the Colossus.

List of books

Season 1

No. Title Author Release date ISBN
1 EarthBound Ken Baumann January 15, 2014 978-1-940535-00-5
Final Fantasy VI and Chrono Trigger were considered as candidate subjects initially, but Baumann believed that the scope of those games was narrower than that of EarthBound, a game he describes as "a weird, satirical, emotional, spiritual game", and "unlike any story I've experienced since".[6] Baumann recalls playing EarthBound with his older brother as "one of the most formative experiences of my childhood", and he credits researching the book with a rekindling of his relationship with his brother. The book meshes Baumann's analysis of the game with autobiography, chronicling his playing of the game as a child, his upbringing, and his acting career. The book's structure has been likened to Grant Morrison's Supergods and Matthew Berry's Fantasy Life.[7][8]

Cameron Kunzelman, writing for Paste, gave the book a mixed review. He found Baumann's portrayal of the game and its characters evocative, managing to "render the strangeness of [the] game into graspable language", but criticised the self-indulgence of certain autobiographical sections.[9] On the other hand, in a review at The Collagist, Ian Denning found the autobiographical sections an "emotional high point", passages on Baumann's relationship with his brother were described as "interesting, sometimes tender and funny". It was Baumann's analysis of the game that drew complaint from Denning, who criticised his scattershot approach, and questioned the value of its tangential references. Still, Denning deemed the book an accomplishment, "a book that argues that video games—a medium once considered cultural garbage—can be important catalysts in an artist's aesthetic development".[10] Reflecting on the polarised reception of the autobiographical sections, Baumann said "I kind of love both reactions, and still do. I just like the strength of the reaction. I'm happy that I used personal stuff if it incites that much love or hate."[6]

2 Chrono Trigger Michael P. Williams April 1, 2014 978-1-940535-01-2
The author, Michael P. Williams, was selected after an open call for pitches for this fan selected book. Williams drew upon his experience living in Japan and his familiarity with its culture to explore Chrono Trigger's themes, examining the depiction of race, gender and sexuality in Japanese role-playing games. The book features original interviews with Ted Woolsey and Tom Slattery, translators on the SNES and DS versions of the game respectively. The structure of the book reflects the narrative of the game; the book skipping between themes as the game's plot skips backwards and forwards in time.[5][11][12]

Kunzelman, in his review for Paste, while noting the personal nature of the book, found it without the self-indulgence of Baumann's EarthBound. He found the initial chapters weak, declaring a chapter on the game's recruitable characters as "almost unbearable", but described later chapters as proposing "tightly-tuned arguments". Kunzelman sees the strength of the book stemming from Williams' insight into how Japanese culture and society may have shaped the game.[13] Zach Welhouse, writing at RPGamer, too found the book more focused than EarthBound. He highlighted a chapter of new information on the game's English language localisation process, something also highlighted by Andy Hoover at Nintendojo, who deemed it as "a must read" for Chrono Trigger fans; the interview with Woolsey offering particular insight for those critical of the SNES localisation.[12][14] Philip J. Reed, in his review at Nintendo Life commended the book's personal approach for having "come as close to capturing games as experiences as might actually be possible." Reed suggests that the book offers a new way to revisit the game, "[allowing] you to travel back in time and see it again, for the first time, through a fresh set of eyes." He concludes that the Boss Fight Books series could provide "an alternative future where video games no longer rot young minds and incite violence, but spur philosophical discussions and self-improvement."[15]

3 ZZT Anna Anthropy June 2, 2014 978-1-940535-02-9
ZZT is both a video game and a game creation system; Anthropy examines both aspects in her book. Anthropy delves into the now-defunct communities around the game, interviewing designers of ZZT user-created games, and highlighting a culture that has otherwise gone unrecorded.[11]

Kunzelman gave the book high praise in his review for Paste. He found none of the literary digressions for which he criticised earlier books in the series, though he had trouble understanding some of its more technical passages. Kunzelman found the book giving "an impassioned argument for why ZZT was, and continues to be, incredibly valuable for game players", and concluded that "Anthropy has set the gold standard for book-length studies of games with ZZT".[16]

4 Galaga Michael Kimball July 1, 2014 978-1-940535-03-6
Galaga consists of 255 mini chapters, mirroring the 255 stages found in the game. Kimball looks at the game, its place in contemporary culture, and how he related to it growing up in an abusive environment.[17]

In his review for the Baltimore City Paper, Brandon Soderberg lauded the treatment Kimball gave the game, rejecting the "BuzzFeeding of the immediate past", and instead providing depth and poignancy. The book caused Soderberg to reflect on his own life, and how video games act as windows into trauma, as he recounts the experience of playing Contra following a friend's suicide.[18] Kunzelman, writing at Paste, found Galaga by far the weakest of the first four Boss Fight books. Kunzelman found the "short, staccato chapters" an exercise in frustration and quickly tired of their cyclic nature. He criticised the book's indulgence, believing some sections to be overwrought, and others to be overloaded with trivia. In between these flawed passages, Kunzelman found Kimball displaying expert craft in telling a moving personal story about "coping with the world through videogames" that "many, many people can relate to". For Kunzelman, that Kimball could be capable of such quality only made the other sections even more disappointing.[17]

5 Jagged Alliance 2 Darius Kazemi August 25, 2014 978-1-940535-04-3
Kazemi looks at the development history of Jagged Alliance 2 through interviews with the development team. At the 2014 Critical Proximity conference, Kazemi spoke about the insight he gleaned from looking at the game's source code as part of his research.[19] Kazemi cites Aramis, or the Love of Technology as one of his inspirations behind the book in an article for The Atlantic exploring his motivations. He chose Jagged Alliance 2 not only because it is his favourite game, but because he believed that the game's obscurity would allow for more candour from its developers. He also believed that the shift from 2D to 3D graphics in the wider video games industry taking place during the game's development would surface as tensions in the story told.[20]

Austin Walker, writing for Paste, felt that the book worked well as a history book, placing Jagged Alliance 2 in the context of the video game industry as it transitioned through small independent developers towards larger teams tied to publishers. He praised the way Kazemi aligned all of the factors that formed the game and made it successful, without trying to force a dramatic narrative out of the people involved, but criticized that Kazemi "struggles with selling it to us as a fun game to play".[21]

6 Super Mario Bros. 2 Jon Irwin October 6, 2014 978-1-940535-05-0
Irwin, a staff writer for Kill Screen, examines the game in four sections based on the game's four player characters. As part of his research, Irwin spoke to Gail Tilden, the founding editor of Nintendo Power, and Andrew Gardikis, the world record holder for the game's tool-assisted speedrun.[22]

In his review at Nintendo Life, Tim Latshaw commends Irwin's ability to weave seemingly "ridiculous tangents" like One Thousand and One Nights into an exploration of the game and Nintendo's philosophy. He describes the book as "required reading for game historians", and for those curious about the game, "Irwin's relatable writing and healthy seasoning of humour make it an engrossing and enjoyable read."[23] In Kunzelman's review at Paste, he too noted how Irwin managed to craft a book in which its tangents "impossibly, flow together", he compared this quality favourably to Galaga and Chrono Trigger, earlier books in the series. Kunzelman saw weakness in Irwin's moments of literary excess, such as an interlude on the death of the author's grandmother, which he found strange and clichéd. Still, he concluded that the book was "an excellent example of the Boss Fight Books model of game criticism", and was "very excited to see what happens during season 2".[24]

Season 2

No. Title Author Release date ISBN
7 Bible Adventures Gabe Durham March 30, 2015 978-1-940535-07-4
Durham, the Boss Fight Books founder and series editor chose to write about Bible Adventures. Durham had played this unlicensed video game as a child, and with his father being a minister, he felt he understood Christian culture well enough to explain how games like this came to exist. Durham spoke with Roger Deforest and Dan Burke, two of the game's developers in the process of writing the book.[25]
8 Baldur's Gate II Matt Bell June 22, 2015 978-1-940535-08-1
Baldur's Gate II is part memoir and part reading of the game. Bell tells the story of his development as a writer; of his writing of the Dungeons & Dragons novel, The Last Garrison, and his study under Gordon Lish. Bell recalls his love of fantasy, role-playing, and video games, but feels shame in it, finding it difficult to reconcile with his adult aspirations towards literary fiction, even while acknowledging that genre influences have enlivened his own work.[26][27]

In the Baldur's Gate series of games, the story asks players to reconcile their character's good nature with their murderous heritage. Molly McArdle, writing for Brooklyn Magazine considered this "a perfect backdrop" for Bell's own conflict between his past and present selves.[26] Kunzelman gave the book an ambivalent review in Paste, he did not see in the book a coherent reflection of the game, and that "anyone who has played the game can intuit every point Bell makes about the game". Yet he still found the book a pleasure to read, a credit to Bell's skill as a writer.[28] At The Rumpus, reviewer Samuel Sattin describes the core theme of the book as "perceptions of success in the literary community", and asks "can genre conventions truly mesh with a literary author’s ambition to be taken seriously?" Sattin sees the book as "an uneasy, courageous, and ultimately vulnerable attempt to bridge a divide most of us are unwilling to admit exists", which succeeds through revealing this conflict.[29]

9 Metal Gear Solid Ashly & Anthony Burch August 17, 2015 978-1-940535-09-8
This collaboration between the Burch siblings was pitched as a celebration and takedown of a game that they loved. Told in a back and forth conversational manner between two authors who do not necessarily agree, the book covers topics such as the game's mechanics, storytelling and its treatment of female characters.[30][31]

Joel Couture describes the book as "an honest, heartfelt look at the game and franchise" in his review at indiegames.com. The book promoted Couture to think about the game in new ways, and to see Snake, the player character, in a light he had barely considered when playing the game as a teenager. Couture found the conversational tone between the authors comforting and approachable, their differing viewpoints well suited to a game that "[bounces] between outlandish and serious". At Paste, Kunzelman was in agreement, finding that the alternating voices of the authors provided "a nice point and counterpoint that allows the text to disagree with itself". And though the book's humour did not always work with Kunzelman, he ultimately saw the book as a work that "opens up a canonical videogame further than it ever has been before".[31][32]

10 Shadow of the Colossus Nick Suttner December 15, 2015 978-1-940535-10-4
Nick Suttner is a former writer at 1UP.com, and currently works in developer relations at Sony. His pitch for the Kickstarter backer selected title was accepted after an open call for submissions. Suttner describes his work as "more of a love letter and travelogue and less of a critique" of his favourite game of all time.[33]
11 Spelunky Derek Yu March 29, 2016 978-1-940535-11-1
Spelunky is the first book in the series to be written by the game's creator. Durham credits Spelunky as the title that connected with most people during the second season's Kickstarter campaign.[25] Yu found writing the book a challenge, having never before written anything such length.[34]

Due to the autobiographical nature of the work, Nate Ewert-Krocker, in his review at ZAM describes it as having a different flavour than other books in the series. While giving the "clearest understanding of a game’s construction and design" than any other book in the series, the lack of distance between author and subject made the telling of the story straightforward.[35] Writing at Paste, Kunzelman, who has spent over a hundred hours playing Spelunky, found the book accessible for casual and diehard fans alike, full of information that could not be found anywhere else.[36]

12 World of Warcraft Daniel Lisi June 20, 2016 978-1-940535-12-8
Daniel Lisi, founder and CEO of video game developer Game Over, discusses how immersive and consuming the game is, in the context of his experiences playing the game obsessively in high school and modern online culture.

Season 3

No. Title Author Release date ISBN
13 Super Mario Bros. 3 Alyse Knorr July 18, 2016 978-1-940535-13-5
14 Mega Man 3 Salvatore Pane September 26, 2016 978-1-940535-14-2
15 Soft & Cuddly Jarett Kobek January 24, 2017 978-1-940535-15-9
16 Kingdom Hearts II Alexa Ray Corriea June 27, 2017 978-1-940535-16-6
17 Katamari Damacy L. E. Hall October 16, 2018 978-1-940535-17-3

Season 4

No. Title Author Release date ISBN
18 Final Fantasy V Chris Kohler October 24, 2017 978-1-940535-18-0
19 Shovel Knight David L. Craddock October 16, 2018 978-1-940535-19-7
20 Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic Alex Kane April 9, 2019 978-1-940535-21-0
21 NBA Jam Reyan Ali October 22, 2019 978-1-940535-20-3
22 Breakout: Pilgrim in the Microworld David Sudnow February 26, 2020 978-1-940535-23-4
23 Postal Brock Wilbur & Nathan Rabin April 7, 2020 978-1-940535-22-7

Season 5

No. Title Author Release date ISBN
24 Red Dead Redemption Matt Margini July 7, 2020 978-1-940535-24-1
25 Resident Evil Philip J. Reed August 25, 2020 978-1-940535-25-8
26 The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask Gabe Durham October 26, 2020 978-1-940535-26-5
27 Silent Hill 2 Mike Drucker January 26, 2021 978-1-940535-27-2
28 Final Fantasy VI Sebastian Deken July 13, 2021 978-1-940535-28-9

Special

No. Title Author Release date ISBN
29 GoldenEye 007 Alyse Knorr December 1, 2022 978-1-940535-29-6
Knorr wrote a documentary-style book focusing on the development and legacy of GoldenEye 007, featuring original interviews with the development team, as well as other developers, scholars, and fans. The book was funded on Kickstarter, where supporters could purchase an extended hardcover edition.[37]

Season 6

During funding for the sixth season, a documentary-style book, Super Mario RPG was selected by a fan vote.[38] Jet Set Radio was the runner-up,[39] while Harvest Moon and Pikmin tied for third.[40]

No. Title Author Release date ISBN
30 PaRappa the Rapper[41] Mike Sholars June 6, 2023 978-1-940535-31-9
31 Minesweeper[42] Kyle Orland July 12, 2023 978-1-940535-32-6
32 Day of the Tentacle Bob Mackey October 9, 2023 978-1-940535-33-3
33 Animal Crossing[43] Kelsey Lewin May 15, 2024 978-1-940535-34-0

Season 7

The seventh season was announced on August 20, 2024, alongside the launch of its Kickstarter campaign.[44]

No. Title Author Release date ISBN
34 EverQuest Matthew S. Smith November 2024 978-1-94053-535-7
Smith's book is set to analyze the history of EverQuest with new developer interviews, including with Ryan Barker, Jeff Butler, Michelle Butler, and Brian Canary.[44]
35 Untitled Goose Game James O'Connor January 2025 978-1-94053-536-4
O'Connor's book is set to chronicle the development history of Untitled Goose Game, including its pre-release popularity, featuring interviews with developers and journalists.[45]
36 Outer Wilds Tommy Wallach March 2025 978-1-94053-537-1
37 Dance Dance Revolution Jessica Doyle and Jordan Ferguson May 2025 978-1-94053-538-8

Anthologies

No. Title Editor Release date ISBN
1 Continue? Gabe Durham January 20, 2015 978-1-940535-06-7
The first anthology book features works from previous writers Ken Baumann, Jon Irwin, Darius Kazemi, and Michael P. Williams, as well new writers Matt Bell, Rachel B. Glaser, Rebekah Frumkin, Brian Oliu, Salvatore Pane, Tevis Thompson, and Mike Lars White.
2 Nightmare Mode Gabe Durham October 26, 2021 978-1-940535-53-1
The second anthology book features works from Alexa Ray Corriea, David L. Craddock, Gabe Durham, Alex Kane, Jon Irwin, Alyse Knorr, Chris Kohler, Salvatore Pane, Philip J. Reed, and Michael P. Williams.

References

  1. ^ "About". Boss Fight Books. Retrieved June 8, 2014.
  2. ^ Ryan, Jeff (2012). Super Mario : how Nintendo conquered America (Pbk. ed.). New York: Portfolio/Penguin. ISBN 9781591845638. OCLC 818697737.
  3. ^ a b Episode 257: The Cold (Console) War Is Heating Up. Invisible Walls. June 7, 2013. 15 minutes in. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
  4. ^ Matthew O'Mara (June 13, 2013). "Boss Fight Books brings the video game nostalgia in paperback form". Financial Post. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  5. ^ a b Gabe Durham (April 28, 2014). "Editor vs. Author: Boss Fight's Gabe Durham Chats with Chrono Trigger Author Michael P. Williams". Boss Fight Books blog. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  6. ^ a b Andrew Hayward (May 21, 2014). "Why a TV star gave up acting and wrote a book about Earthbound". Joystiq. Archived from the original on May 25, 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  7. ^ Drew Toal (June 7, 2013). "What Are You Playing This Weekend? Ken Baumann, actor and writer". The Gameological Society. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  8. ^ Salvatore Pane (March 21, 2014). "Gaming's Greatest Cult Hit Gets The Treatment It Deserves". BuzzFeed. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  9. ^ Cameron Kunzelman (February 3, 2014). "EarthBound by Ken Baumann". Paste. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  10. ^ Ian Denning (February 15, 2014). "EarthBound by Ken Baumann review". The Collagist. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
  11. ^ a b Maxwell McGee (October 8, 2013). "Boss Fight Books Explores the Cultural Significance of EarthBound and Others". GameSpot. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  12. ^ a b Zach Welhouse (April 17, 2014). "Review - Earthbound and Chrono Trigger". RPGamer. Archived from the original on June 6, 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  13. ^ Cameron Kunzelman (April 14, 2014). "Chrono Trigger by Michael P. Williams Review". Paste. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  14. ^ Andy Hoover (May 12, 2014). "Book Review: Chrono Trigger by Michael P. Williams". Nintendojo. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  15. ^ Philip J Reed (April 1, 2014). "Book Review: Boss Fight Books - Chrono Trigger". Nintendo Life. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  16. ^ Cameron Kunzelman (June 2, 2014). "ZZT by Anna Anthropy Review". Paste. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
  17. ^ a b Cameron Kunzelman (July 8, 2014). "Galaga by Michael Kimball Review". Paste. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
  18. ^ Brandon Soderberg (August 18, 2014). "Arcade Games Saved My Life". Baltimore City Paper. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
  19. ^ Ben Kuchera (March 17, 2014). "Finding treasures in the code: Why the source code of classic games matters, even to non-coders". Polygon. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  20. ^ Darius Kazemi (August 27, 2014). "Why I Wrote a Book About an Obscure '90s Computer Game". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
  21. ^ Austin Walker (August 15, 2014). "Jagged Alliance 2 by Darius Kazemi Review: A Material History". Paste. Retrieved October 15, 2014.
  22. ^ Jon Irwin (October 6, 2014). "Four Things I Learned While Writing a Book about Super Mario Bros. 2". Kill Screen. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
  23. ^ Tim Latshaw (September 29, 2014). "Book Review: Boss Fight Books - Super Mario Bros. 2". Nintendo Life. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
  24. ^ Cameron Kunzelman (October 9, 2014). "Super Mario Bros. 2 by Jon Irwin Review". Paste. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
  25. ^ a b Peter Derk (January 28, 2015). "Ready Writer One: An Interview With Gabe Durham Of Boss Fight Books". LitReactor. Retrieved September 25, 2015.
  26. ^ a b Molly McArdle (July 13, 2015). "What Does It Mean to Love a Video Game?: Talking to Matt Bell about Baldur's Gate II". Brooklyn Magazine. Retrieved September 25, 2015.
  27. ^ Ian Denning (March 5, 2016). "The Deep Wound". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  28. ^ Cameron Kunzelman (July 30, 2015). "Baldur's Gate II by Matt Bell Review". Paste. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
  29. ^ Samuel Sattin (July 14, 2015). "Baldur's Gate II: Shadows of Amn by Matt Bell". The Rumpus. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
  30. ^ Jon Irwin (November 4, 2014). "Metal Gear Solid, Kojima, HAWP, Borderlands 2, and Illiterate Dads: 7 Questions with Ashly and Anthony Burch". Boss Fight Books blog. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
  31. ^ a b Joel Couture (August 10, 2015). "Metal Gear Solid Book Review - Of Two Minds". IndieGames.com. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
  32. ^ Cameron Kunzelman (August 17, 2015). "Metal Gear Solid by Ashly and Anthony Burch Review". Paste. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
  33. ^ Aidan Wall (February 1, 2016). "Critical Hit: Boss Fight Books". Totally Dublin. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
  34. ^ Shaun Prescott (March 22, 2016). "Derek Yu on the state of indie and his new book about Spelunky". PC Gamer. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  35. ^ Nate Ewert-Krocker (March 29, 2016). "Spelunky review". ZAM. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  36. ^ Cameron Kunzelman (April 6, 2016). "Spelunky by Derek Yu Review". Paste. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  37. ^ Gray, Kate (June 23, 2022). "Boss Fight Announces New Documentary Book Focused On GoldenEye 007". Nintendo Life. Retrieved July 8, 2022.
  38. ^ Boss Fight Books [@BossFightBooks] (March 10, 2023). "We'll be publishing a nonfiction, documentary-style exploration of the classic Nintendo/Square collab, SUPER MARIO RPG" (Tweet). Retrieved March 30, 2023 – via Twitter.
  39. ^ Boss Fight Books [@BossFightBooks] (March 10, 2023). "In 2nd place: Jet Set Radiooooooo!" (Tweet). Retrieved March 30, 2023 – via Twitter.
  40. ^ Boss Fight Books [@BossFightBooks] (March 10, 2023). "The votes are tallied! Tied for 3rd place: Harvest Moon and Pikmin" (Tweet). Retrieved March 30, 2023 – via Twitter.
  41. ^ Estrada, Marcus (February 14, 2023). "Boss Fight Books Reveals Animal Crossing Book". Hardcore Gamer. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  42. ^ Totilo, Stephen (February 22, 2023). "Minesweeper's history of controversy". Axios. Cox Enterprises. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  43. ^ Hagues, Alana (February 15, 2023). "Animal Crossing Is The Latest Game To Get The Boss Fight Books Treatment". Nintendo Life. Hookshot Media. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  44. ^ a b Williams, Leah J. (August 21, 2024). "Boss Fight Books launches new season on Kickstarter". GamesHub. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
  45. ^ Williams, Leah J. (August 28, 2024). "Boss Fight Books reveals Untitled Goose Game chronicle". GamesHub. Retrieved September 3, 2024.

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B

  此條目介紹的是拉丁字母中的第2个字母。关于其他用法，请见「B (消歧义)」。   提示：此条目页的主题不是希腊字母Β、西里尔字母В、Б、Ъ、Ь或德语字母ẞ、ß。 BB b(见下)用法書寫系統拉丁字母英文字母ISO基本拉丁字母（英语：ISO basic Latin alphabet）类型全音素文字相关所属語言拉丁语读音方法 [b][p][ɓ](适应变体)Unicode编码U+0042, U+0062字母顺位2数值 2歷史發...

 

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American tactical equipment manufacturer For other uses, see Sure Fire (disambiguation). SureFire, LLCCompany typeLimited Liability CompanyIndustryIllumination ToolsTactical EquipmentPredecessorLaser Products CorporationFoundedOctober 17, 1979; 44 years ago (1979-10-17)[1]FounderDr. John MatthewsDr. Peter HaukEd ReynoldsHeadquartersFountain Valley, California, U.S.Key peopleJohn Matthews (Co-founder, President and CEO)Sean Vo (CFO)[2]ProductsFlashlightsWeapon...

 

أونام

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Google Search Console

Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Google Search Console – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Google Search Console (sebelumnya dikenal sebagai Google Webmasters) merupakan layanan gratis yang disediakan oleh Google untuk p...

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