Borzuya

Borzuya
Borzuya
	Artwork of Borzūya
Born	5th century – 6th century; Abarshahr or Merv
Died	6th century; Sassanid Iran
Education	Academy of Gondishapur (possibly)
Known for	Translating many books into Pahlavi
	Medical career
Profession	Physician

Borzuya (or Burzōē or Burzōy or Borzouyeh, Persian: بُرْزویه) was a Persian physician in the late Sasanian era, at the time of Khosrow I.^[2] He translated the Indian Panchatantra from Sanskrit into Pahlavi (Middle Persian). Both his translation and the original Sanskrit version he worked from are lost. Before their loss, however, his Pahlavi version was translated into Arabic by Ibn al-Muqaffa under the title of Kalila wa-Dimna or The Fables of Bidpai and became the greatest prose of Classical Arabic. The book contains fables in which animals interact in complex ways to convey teachings to princes in policy.

The introduction to Kalila wa-Dimna presents an autobiography by Borzūya. Beside his ideas, cognitions and inner development leading to a practice of medicine based on philanthropic motivations, Borzuya's search for truth, his skepticism towards established religious thought and his later asceticism are some features lucidly depicted in the text.^[3]

Voyage to India

Borzuya was sent to India by Khosrow I to find a plant that is capable of reviving the dead. He later learned from a philosopher that the plant he is seeking is actually a book, the Panchatantra, that is locked in the treasury of the rajah.^[4]^[5] He received permission to read the book from the rajah^{[clarification needed]}, although he was not permitted copy it. Disobeying these instructions, Borzuya would memorize the text he read each day and secretly wrote the book again in Persian, then sent his translation back to his king.^[1] When he returned, Khosrow praises the work, stating "the book called Kalila has given my soul new life", and offers Borzuya any reward he chooses from the royal treasury. Instead of gold or jewels, Borzuya chooses a fine suit of clothes and that his name be written in the copy of the Kalila "so that after I die, learned men will not forget the difficulties I went through".^[4]

The Semitic scholar François de Blois describes five distinct versions of Borzuya's voyage to India. The versions vary in details of the reasons Borzuya was originally sent to India, the purpose of his trip, and how Borzuya obtained access to the Panchatantra. Scholar disagree as to which of the versions is older and can be traced back to the author of the Pahlavi translations, but agree that the themes of Khosrow's interest in Indian knowledge, particularly of statecraft, the difficulty in obtaining access to the book, etc.^[3]

There is considerable discussion whether Borzūya is the same as Bozorgmehr.^[3] While sources indicate they are different people, the word "Borzūya" can sometimes be a shortened form of Bozorgmehr.^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b "BORZŪYA". Encyclopædia Iranica. December 15, 1989.
^ Zargaran, Arman; Mehdizadeh, Alireza; Yarmohammadi, Hassan; Kiani, Hossein; Mohagheghzadehl, Abdolali (2015). "Borzouyeh, an Ancient Persian Physician Who First Reported Uterine Contractions in Normal Vaginal Delivery". Acta medico-historica Adriatica. 13 (Suppl 2): 23–28. ISSN 1334-4366. PMID 26959628.
^ ^a ^b ^c François de Blois (1990), Burzōy's voyage to India and the origin of the book of Kalīlah wa Dimnah, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-947593-06-3
^ ^a ^b Kinoshita, Sharon (2008-12-01). "Translatio/n, empire, and the worlding of medieval literature: the travels of Kalila wa Dimna". Postcolonial Studies. 11 (4): 371–385. doi:10.1080/13688790802456051. ISSN 1368-8790. S2CID 143500773.
^ Roy, Nilanjana S. "The Panchatantra: The ancient 'viral memes' still with us". BBC.com. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
^ Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh, "BORZŪYA" in Encyclopædia Iranica. Oneline link accessed in December 2010: BORZŪYA.