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In agricultural economics and development economics, Bennett's law observes that as incomes rise, people eat relatively fewer calorie-dense starchy staple foods and relatively more nutrient-dense meats, oils, sweeteners, fruits, and vegetables. Bennett's law is related to Engel's law, which considers the relationship between rising household incomes and total food spending.

History

The concept of the declining "starchy-staple ratio" originated in Merrill K. Bennett's 1941 paper, "International Contrasts in Food Consumption."^[1]^[2] The first published attribution of the concept to Bennett and naming as Bennett's law appears in the proceedings of a 1959 conference ^[3] held by the American Society of Civil Engineers.

Contemporary use and implications

Bennett's law is now a "well-established stylized fact"^[4] referenced in university textbooks, reports of the FAO and the World Bank, and many global food system models. It has particular relevance to the Nutrition Transition. One implication of Bennett's law is that global demand for animal-based foods is predicted to increase more rapidly than human population growth. Alternative dietary proposals such as the EAT-Lancet Commission's "Planetary diet" and new alternative protein technologies have developed in response to this predicted growth in global demand for animal-based foods. Because animal-based foods are generally considered to have larger environmental impacts than plant-based foods, Bennett's law suggests that, holding other factors constant, the environmental impacts of agricultural production will increase in absolute and relative terms as economies continue to grow.^[5] By adopting processes of "sustainable intensification" in agriculture, it has been argued that these environmental impacts could be greatly lessened.^[6]

References

^ Bennett, Merrill K. (1941). "International Contrasts in Food Consumption". Geographical Review. 31 (3): 365–376. doi:10.2307/210172. ISSN 0016-7428. JSTOR 210172.
^ Grigg, David (1996). "The starchy staples in world food consumption". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 86 (3): 412–431. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1996.tb01760.x.
^ Hagan, Robert Mower; American Society of Civil Engineers. (1959). Proceedings. Conference theme: Can man develop a permanent irrigation agriculture. Denver: U.S. National Committee of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage. Retrieved 2019-05-08.
^ Gouel, Christophe; Guimbard, Houssein (2018). "Nutrition transition and the structure of global food demand" (PDF). American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 101 (2): 383–403. doi:10.1093/ajae/aay030.
^ Godfray, H. Charles J. (2011-12-13). "Food for thought". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (50): 19845–19846. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10819845G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1118568109. PMC 3250159. PMID 22123955.
^ Tilman, David; Balzer, Christian; Hill, Jason; Befort, Belinda L. (2011-12-13). "Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (50): 20260–20264. doi:10.1073/pnas.1116437108. PMC 3250154. PMID 22106295.